Ukuxilongwa Kwenzelwe ngokusekelwe kwiiNtlu, Impembelelo, kunye nexesha loBume bokuPhatha
Ukukhathazeka kwengxaki yokuxhatshazwa kwengxaki (i-ADHD) yimeko yokuba abantu baxoxe ngokubanzi ngale mihla, bahlala bechaza ixesha eliqhelekileyo kubantu abonakala bengenakuqhelaniswa ngokungaqhelekanga, "baqhekeke," okanye bahlakazekile.
Kodwa, njengengxaki yezokwelapha, akunakulinganiswa lula. Abazali baya kunzima ukuhlula phakathi koko kunokuthathwa njengento "eqhelekileyo" yokulungelelanisa nokungahambi kakuhle kunye nokwenene ukukwazi ukuhlala kunye nokugxila. Nangona oogqirha abangakhange baqeqeshwe bangaba nobunzima kulokhu kunikwe ukuba akukho vavanyo olulodwa olunokuthi luxilonge i-ADHD okanye ukuziphatha okufanayo okanye ukuziphatha okufanayo.
Ekugqibeleni, ukwenza ulwahlulo, ootitshala bezingane baya kuluhlu lokuhlola uluhlu lweempawu zokubonisa ukuba umntwana uhlangabezana neempendulo ze-ADHD njengoko kuchazwe kwi-American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities, I-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) .
Ukwahlula iindidi ze-ADHD
Iimpawu ze-ADD ziqhelekileyo zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amabini: ukungabi nako (ukungakwazi ukuhlala kugxininisekile) kunye nokunyanzeliswa-ukunyanzeliswa (iimpawu zokuziphatha eziphambene nokuphazamiseka). Ukuzimisela kwe-ADHD kuncike kakhulu ekubeni iimeko zokuziphatha zifanelekileyo okanye zilungele ukukhula komntwana.
Uluhlu lweempawu luyahlukahluka ukusuka kumntwana ukuya kumntwana kwaye lukhokelela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuxilonga ezichazwe ngokubanzi ngokulandelayo:
- Uhlobo olungapheliyo lwe-ADHD luchaza umntwana onenkathazo yokunyamekela ingqalelo kodwa akabiyo okanye angachukumisi.
- Uhlobo olungapheliyo-uhlobo olushukumiselekayo lwe-ADHD oluchazwe njengokungapheli okukhulu, ukukhawuleza, kunye nokuhlaselwa ngaphandle kwesimo sokungabikho kokugxila.
- Uhlobo oludibeneyo lwe-ADHD eneempawu zombini.
Uluhlu lokuHlola lweMpawu zokuThola
Ngokutsho kwe-DSM-5, ukungabikho kwemfanelo kunokufunyaniswa ukuba kukho iimpawu ezithandathu okanye ngaphezulu ezibonakalisa abantwana ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-16 okanye emihlanu okanye ngaphezulu kweempawu zentsholongwane eli-17 nangaphezulu, ngale ndlela ilandelayo:
- Ngokusoloko ihluleka ukunyamekela iinkcukacha okanye yenza iimpazamo ezingakhathali emsebenzini wesikolo okanye eminye imisebenzi
- Ngokuqhelekileyo unenkathazo yokugcina ingqalelo kwimisebenzi okanye kwimidlalo yokudlala
- Ngokusoloko kungabonakali ukuphulaphula xa kuthethwa ngqo
- Ngokuqhelekileyo ayilandeli ngemiyalelo okanye ayiphumelelanga ukugqiba umsebenzi wesikolo okanye imisebenzi
- Ngokusoloko kunenkathazo yokuhlela imisebenzi nemisebenzi
- Ngokuqhelekileyo ukugwema, ukungathandi, okanye ukungafuni ukwenza imisebenzi efuna umzamo wengqondo ngexesha elide
- Ngokuqhelekileyo ilahlekelwa izinto ezifunekayo ukugqiba imisebenzi okanye imisebenzi
- Iphazamiseka lula
- Ngokuqhelekileyo ukulibala kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.
Uluhlu lokuHlola lweMpawu zoBuchule
Ngokutsho kwe-DSM-5, ukunyanzeliswa nokunyanzeliswa kungaxilongwa ukuba kukho impawu ezintandathu okanye ngaphezulu kubantwana ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-16 okanye emihlanu okanye ngaphezulu kweempawu zentsholongwane ezingama-17 nangaphezulu, ngale ndlela ilandelayo:
- Ngokuqhelekileyo ama-fidgets enezandla okanye iinyawo okanye axhamla xa ehleli
- Ngokuphindaphindiweyo ushiya isihlalo sakhe nangona exelelwa ukuba ahlale ehleli
- Ngokuqhelekileyo ugijima okanye ukhuphuke kwiimeko apho akufanelekanga
- Ngokuqhelekileyo akakwazi ukudlala okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yokuzonwabisa ngokuthula
- Ngaba kaninzi "ekuhambeni" njengokungathi i-unnaturally iqhutywe
- Ngokuqhelekileyo uthetha ngokugqithiseleyo
- Ngokuphindaphindiweyo uphupha impendulo ngaphambi kokuba umbuzo uphelelwe
- Ngokusoloko unenkathazo yokulinda lakhe ixesha
- Ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuphazamisa okanye ukungena kwezinye iingxoxo okanye imisebenzi
Ukugqiba ukuxilongwa
Ukuze i-ADHD iqinisekiswe ngokuqinisekileyo, iimpawu kufuneka zihlangabezane neendlela ezine eziphambili ezichazwe kwi-DSM-5:
- Kumele ukuba kubekho iimpawu ezingenakunyamekela okanye ezingaxinzekanga phambi kokuba uneminyaka eyi-12.
- Iimpawu mazibe khona kwiindlela ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, njengasekhaya, kunye nabahlobo okanye esikolweni.
- Impawu kufuneka ziphazamise okanye zinciphise umgangatho wamandla omntwana wokusebenza esikolweni, kwiimeko zentlalontle, okanye xa wenza imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yemihla ngemihla.
- Iimpawu azikwazi ukuchazwa nayiphi na enye imeko yengqondo (njengengxaki yesimo sengqondo ) okanye iyenzeka njengenxalenye yesigaba se- schizophrenic okanye yengqondo .
> Umthombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. (2013). I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities (5th ed.). IWashington, DC: UMbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika.