Utshintsho oluyimfama ligama elisetyenziswe yingcali yeengqondo ukuchaza ukutyekela abantu kufuneka baphuphe utshintsho kwiimeko zabo ezibonakalayo. Ukuba into ebonakalayo kwintsimi yakho ebonakalayo yatshintsha ngokucacileyo phambi kwamehlo akho, uya kuyibona ngokukhawuleza, kunjalo? Ngoxa unokuba ucinge ukuba uyabona okanye uyazi zonke iinguqu ezenzeka kwindawo yakho yangoku, into yokuba kukho ulwazi oluninzi kakhulu kwengqondo yakho ukucwangcisa ngokupheleleyo kwaye uqaphele yonke into eyenzekayo kwihlabathi elijikeleze kuwe.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, iinguqu ezinkulu ziyakwenzeka kwintsimi yakho yokubonwa kwaye awunakuze uqaphele ezi nguqu. Iingcali zengqondo zibhekisela kule nto njengenguqu yokungaboni .
Yintoni? Kutheni kwenzeka njalo? Unempembelelo yintoni ekuboneni nasekusebenzisaneni nehlabathi elikujikelezayo?
Inkcazo
Masiqale ngokujonga indlela abanye abaphandi abaphezulu bachaza ngayo le nto ibalulekileyo. Ngokutsho kukaSimons noRensink, "Igama elithi 'ukuguquka ubumfama' lubhekisela kumabonakaliso obunzima ekuboneni utshintsho olukhulu kwizinto ezibonakalayo."
Kutheni bechaza oku kumangalisa? Kungenxa yokuba kwiimeko ezininzi, utshintsho kwizinto ezibonakalayo zibonakala zinzima kangangokuba zibonakala zingenakwenzeka. Nangona xa ingqwalasela ibhekiselwe kwenye indawo, abantu banako ukulahleka ezimbini kunye nezinguqu ezinkulu ezenzekayo phambi kwazo.
"Utshintsho oluyimpumputhe ukuhluleka ukufumanisa ukuba into ethile ishukunywe okanye yalalalala kwaye iyona into eyahlukileyo yokubona ukutshintsha.
Inkquko yenguqu yempumputhe iyakuboniswa nangona utshintsho lombuzo lukhulu, "u-Eysenck noKeane bayaphakamisa." Ngokomzekelo, uSimons noLevin (1998) benza izifundo apho iqela laqala ukuthetha nomfokazi. Lo mfo wangena esikhundleni somntu ongafaniyo ngexesha lokuphazanyiswa okufutshane (umzekelo, into enkulu ezayo phakathi kwabo).
Abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi babengazange baqaphele ukuba iqabane labo lithetha nabo litshintshile! "
Uphando
Mhlawumbi indlela elula yokubona ukutshintshwa kwindlela yokuthatha ingqalelo kukujonga ezinye zezilingo ezinomdla eziye zahlola le nto.
- Blackmore, uBelstaff, uNelson, kunye noTroscianko (1995) - Kulo vavanyo, abathathi-nxaxheba baboniswa umfanekiso oye watshintshwa ngexesha elifutshane elingenanto kwizinto ezibonakalayo. Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba xa kukho isikhalazo esifutshane kwizinto ezibonakalayo, abantu bakubona kunzima ukufumana utshintsho.
- Simons noLevin (1998) - Kulo vavanyo, abaphandi bathatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo. Emva koko, ngexesha lokuphazamiseka, batshintsha umntu oyimvelaphi komnye umntu. Okumangalisa kukuba, malunga nesiqingatha sabathathi-nxaxheba baqaphela ukutshintsha.
- U-O'Regan, uRensink, no-Clarke (1999) - Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba xa iintlobo ezincinci ziqhekekisiwe ngomfanekiso, njengengxowankulu ye-windshield yemoto, utshintsho olukhulu lunokwenziwa kwimeko engabonakaliyo ngaphandle kokubonayo. Nangona uphando oludlulileyo lubonakalise ukuba utshintsho lobubungabonakali lungabonakaliswa kukuphazanyiswa okubonakalayo njengokugqabhuka, ukukhenkceka, okanye ukunyakaza kwamehlo, olu pho nonongo lubonisa ukuba utshintsho lobubungqina buya kwenzeka ngaphandle kokubonakala kombukiso.
- Levin et al. (2000) - Xa abaphandi batshilo ababonayo malunga neenguqu ezenzeka kwifilimu ngokulandelelana kwaye babonisa ukuba baqhubeka bevela kwifilimu, ama-83 ekhulwini abathathi-nxaxheba baqikelele ukuba baya kujonga olu tshintsho. Xa aba baboni bebengayazi ukuba zeziphi utshintsho ezaza kwenzeka, kuphela iipesenti ezili-11 zazo zazibona utshintsho.
- I-Feil & Mestre (ngo-2010) - Uphando olusandul 'ukukhawuleza lubonisa ukuba iingcali zengxaki ziyakwazi ukuqonda ukutshintsha kwendawo yabo yobuchule kunezakhono. Ngokomzekelo, i-physicist iza kuba ngcono ukufumana utshintsho kwingxaki yefizikiki kunokuba umfundi wekholeji uthathe izifundo zakhe zokuqala ze-physics.
Izizathu
Ukukwazi ukubona utshintsho kuthatha indima enkulu ebomini bethu bemihla ngemihla. Imizekelo emibini ibandakanya ukuphawula xa imoto igxotha kwisiganeko sendlela okanye ukujonga umntu ongena kwigumbi. Ukuba ukubona utshintsho kubaluleke kakhulu, kutheni sisoloko singakwazi ukuphawula utshintsho olukhulu?
Kukho inani lezinto ezidlala indima:
Ugxininiso kunye neZibonelelo eziNcinci
Kulo mzuzwana, ingqwalasela yakho igxile kumazwi owafundayo. Ngoxa ukhangele esi sivakalisi, ngaba unika ingqalelo kumbala wodonga lwegumbi olapha okanye kwindawo apho iinyawo zakho zibekwe khona? Ndize ndicele loo mbuzo, akunakwenzeka ukuba unakekele ingqalelo kwezo zinto.
Ngokomphandi uDaniel Simons, ingqwalasela ingaphelelanga, ngoko kufuneka sikhethe kwaye sikhethe oko sijolise kuyo. Siyakwazi kuphela ukugxila kwinto enye nayiphi na ixesha, ngoko yinto enye esiyiqwalasela ngayo inkcukacha ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yoko, ininzi yolwazi kwihlabathi elikujikelezayo ludlula ngokuqaphela kwethu ngenxa yokuba asinakho izixhobo zokuya kuzo.
Ziziphi ezinye iingcaciso ezinokuthi zitshintshe ukungaboni?
Ukulindela kunye namava adlulileyo
Izihlandlo ezininzi, ukulindela kwinto enokwenzeka ukuba yenzeke kwindalo kungabamba indima kwizinto esizibonayo ngehlabathi. Encwadini yakhe ethi Sensation and Perception , u-E. Bruce Goldstein ubhala esithi, "Esinye isizathu sokuba abantu bacinge ukuba baya kubona ukuba utshintsho lwaloo nto bawaziyo kumava adlulileyo ukuba utshintsho olwenzekayo ebomini ngokwenene lubona kulula. phakathi kweenguqu ezenzeka ngobomi bokwenene kunye nezo zenzeke ekutshintsheni ukuvavanya ukuvavanya. Iinguqu ezenzeka ngobomi bokwenene zihlala zihamba kunye nenkqubela, enika isiqulatho esibonisa ukuba utshintsho luyenzeka. "
Asiqapheli utshintsho oluthile, ngokukodwa ukunyanzeliswa ngokukhawuleza kwilebhu yokulinga kuba singalindelanga ukuba utshintsho olunjalo lube khona. Ubuninzi kangakanani ebomini bokwenene umntu omnye ngokukhawuleza uphendukela komnye umntu? Ngeliphi ixesha into eyayingakabikho ngokukhawuleza ikhona xa yayingekho ngaphambili? Ngaba ishati yomntu ingayitshintsha imbala ngokufanelekileyo phambi kwamehlo ethu? Ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto zivele zenzeke kwimihla yethu yokuphila, sithatha ukungaziboneli xa zenzeka kwi-stage test or scene.
Ezinye izinto ezidlala indima
Uninzi lwezinto ezinokutshintshe ukuguquka, kubandakanywa ingqwalasela , ubudala, indlela izinto ezenziwa ngayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi eziphathekayo . Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba ukutshintsha ingqalelo yomntu, njengokubangela ukuphazamiseka, kukhokelela ekutshintsheni ukuguquka. Izifundo ziye zafumanisa ukuba abantu asebekhulile abanako ukufumana utshintsho kwizinto ezibonakalayo.
Ikhono lethu lokuthatha ulwazi olubonakalayo lugqitywe yimithombo engqongqo. Ingxaki engundoqo kukuba ulwazi oluninzi ngakumbi kumazwe emehlweni akho kunokuba uhlalutye kwaye usuqukumbele ngengqondo ebalulekileyo, "kuchaza umphandi uJeremy Wolfe waseHarvard Medical School kwiNew York Times . Ukujongana nale ninzi yedatha, ubuninzi beenkcukacha zifaka inkqubo yethu yokubonwa ngaphandle kokuba ifaniswe. Ingqwalasela egxininiswe kwinqanaba elithile lendawo esihlala kuyo ivumela ukuba sikhanyise ngokubonakalayo into ethile esiyibaluleke njengento ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqhutywe kwaye ifakwe kuyo.
Sitshintshe ukuPhupha kwiLizwe Linyani
Ukubona utshintsho kudlala indima enkulu ekusebenzeni kwethu kwimpilo yethu yemihla ngemihla. Usenokuba ucinga ngemibandela embalwa xa utshintsho lungabangela iingxaki kwiimeko zehlabathi zangempela.
Ezinye zezi ziquka:
- Intsebenziswano yeNtlalo: Ukutshintshwa ubumpumputhe kunokuchaphazela ukusebenzisana nosuku lweentlalo ezinjenge-slip-ups ezincinane ezifana nokucela umgcini olungalunganga kwisheke
- Ukuqhuba: Ukungaphumeleli ukufumana utshintsho kwimo engqongileyo xa uqhuba ukuqhubela phambili kunokubangela ukuba kube nzima, ngezinye izihlandlo ezibulalayo. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba iziphazamiso ezifana nokuthetha kwifowuni okanye ukuthumela imiyalezo zingabangela ingqalelo kwaye zikhokelela ekutshintsheni ukuguquka.
- Ubungqina bamehlo: Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba ukuguqulwa kwengqondo kungabamba indima ekunikweni kobufakazi ukubalisa iinkcukacha zobugebengu okanye ukuchonga umenzi wobugebengu.
- Ulawulo lwezithuthi zomoya: Ukuba ulawulo lwezithuthi zomoya luhluleka ukufumanisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo, izingozi ezibulalayo zingabangela.
Imithombo:
U-Angier, uN. Blind utshintshe, njengoko usibheka ebusweni. I-New York Times . >> (2008, Aprili 1).
UDavies G, Hine S. Sitshintsha ubufama kunye nobufakazi bokuzibonela. I-Journal of Psychology. 2007; 141 (4): 423-434.
Eysenck, MW & Keane, MT Psychological Cognitive: Incwadi yesifundo somfundi . INew York: I-Psychology Press Ltd; 2006.
I-Goldstein, i-EB Ukuqonda nokujonga. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2010.
UOregan, JK, uRensink, RA, & Clark, JL Utshintsho-ukuphunga ngenxa ye "mudsplashes". Uhlobo. i-doi: 10.1038 / 17953; 1999.
Simons, DJ & Rensink, RA Utshintsho lobuqhetseba: Ixesha elidlulileyo, elikhoyo kunye nekamva. Iintlobo kwiSayensi zeCognitive. 2005; 9 (1): 16-20.