Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi
Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi phakathi kwentsha yinkinga eqhelekileyo.
Uphononongo olulodwa lwezonyango lwabafundi besikolo esiphakamileyo:
- I-72% yathi babekade benxila utywala
- U-42% wayenxila utywala kwinyanga edlulileyo
- I-24% yayingabinxila, i-5 okanye ngaphezulu iiphuza ngokulandelana ubuncinane kanye ngenyanga kwinyanga edlulileyo
- Ama-37% awake watshisa i-marijuana kwaye i-20% yabhema i-marijuana kwinyanga edlulileyo
- I-20% yayithathe izidakamizwa zonyango ngaphandle kwemithi
- I-11% yayisetyenzisiwe
- 6% basebenzisa i-cocaine, 4% basebenzise i-methamphetamines, kwaye ngaphezu kwe-2% basebenzisa i-heroin
Ezi zizinga eziphezulu zokusetyenziswa kotywala kunye neziyobisi zibonisa ukubaluleka kwendawo yonke. Enyanisweni, i-American Academy ye-Pediatrics icetyisa ukuba bonke abatsha bahlolwe itywala, utywala, kunye nezinye izixhobo zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kuwo onke umntwana ohlolisayo.
UkuCoca kweMithi
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba xa sithetha malunga nokuhlolwa kwehlabathi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, asinakuthetha ngovavanyo lwezilwanyana jikelele, apho zonke izingane zifumana ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi.
Ukuhlolwa kwesicatshulwa sobonke kukunceda ukuba ufumene ngubani osemngciphekweni wokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi ngokuzibuza - kodwa kungekhona ngokuhlolwa kwegazi okanye umchamo.
Uninzi lwabahlengikazi basebenzisa i-CRAFFT yesixhobo sokuCoca ngokukhawuleza kunye nokulula kwi-Centre ye-Adolescent Substance Abuse Research (CeASAR) kwisiBhedlele seBantwana eBoston ukubonisa abatsha abanokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kotywala.
Iqala ngokubuza imibuzo emithathu malunga nokuba umntwana usele utywala, utshaya i-marijuana, okanye usebenzisa enye into ukuze aphakame.
Ukuba umntwana ophendulayo ewe ewe nawuphi na wale mibuzo, babuzwa imibuzo eminye ye-CRAFFT, i-mnemonic isebenzisa amagama aphambili kule mibuzo:
- C - Ngaba uye wakhwela e- CAR eqhutywe ngumntu (kuquka nawe) "owayephakamileyo" okanye wayetyenzise utywala okanye iziyobisi?
- R - Ngaba usasebenzisa utywala okanye iziyobisi kwiRELAX , uzive ungcono, okanye ungenele?
- A - Ngaba usenokusebenzisa utywala / iziyobisi ngelixa uwedwa , WONKE ?
- F - Ngaba uke wahlawula izinto ozenzayo ngexesha usebenzisa utywala okanye iziyobisi?
- F - Ngaba intsapho yakho okanye abahlobo bakho bakuxelele ukuba kufuneka unqumle ukusela okanye ukusebenzisa iziyobisi?
- T - Ngaba ungene kwi- BROUBLE ngelixa usebenzisa utywala okanye iziyobisi?
Elinye iphuzu linikezelwa ngempendulo nganye yeewe kwi-CRAFFT imibuzo. Abo bafana abanamanani amaninzi amabini okanye ngaphezulu bacingwa ukuba banesikrini esihle, kwaye ngokwe-AAP, "basemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuba neengxaki zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa." Nangona amanqaku e-CRAFFT angabonisa umngcipheko ophantsi wokuba neengxaki zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, nangona kunjalo, kwaye unokubonisa intswelo yokungenelela.
Kwakhona, gcinani engqondweni ukuba nabaselula abaphikayo ukusebenzisa naluphi na iziyobisi okanye utywala kufuneka bacelwe i-CRAFFT 'Car' umbuzo.
Ukongezelela ukukwazi ukubonelela ngeengcebiso ezincinane zokukhuthaza abantwaba ukuba bayeke ukusela utywala okanye basebenzise ezinye iziyobisi, kwaye bawabhekise kunyango xa kuyimfuneko, ukuhlolwa kwamanye amazwe kuvumela abantwana ukuba banikele abatsha abangabonakali nkunkuma kunye nokusetyenziswa kotywala "ngeempendulo ezimfutshane malunga ukukwazi kwabo ukwenza ukhetho oluhle. "
U vavanyo lweziyobisi
Ngaba wakho umntwana usetyenziswa iziyobisi?
Ngaba banabo abahlobo abatsha, ukuwa kweebakala, okanye ngaba bafumana ingxaki ngakumbi? Abazali abaninzi bajonga ngokukhawuleza ukuvavanya iziyobisi xa bexhalabile okanye bacinge ukuba abantwana babo basenokusebenzisa iziyobisi.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula engqondweni yokuba ukuvavanywa kwezilwanyana kunzima kakhulu kunokuba kuthengwa uvavanyo lwezilwanyana ekhaya, ukufumana izilwanyana zakho ezivakalayo esikolweni, okanye uthabathe umntwana wakho kwisigqirha sezingane ukuba uvavanyo lweziyobisi.
Izinto zokuqwalasela ziquka ukuba:
- I-AAP ichasene nokuvavanywa kweziyobisi ezibandakanyekayo kweentsha
- Uvavanyo lweziyobisi lunokuba lubi nangona ulutsha lusebenzisa iziyobisi ukuba uvavanyo luyenziwe ngaphezu kweentsuku ezimbini ukuya kwethathu emva kokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokugqibela (ifowuni yokufumana)
- Iimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo zeziyobisi azifaki ukubandakanya iziyobisi ezixhaphakileyo, ezifana nokusela utywala, ukuhlaziya kunye nokungafuneki
- Iimvavanyo zonyango zinokutshatyalaliswa ngabafana ukuba isampula yomchamo ihlanjululwe ngokugqithiseleyo, ifakwe kwisampuli somnye umntu, okanye ukuba isampula ixhatshazelwe, ingakumbi ukuba umfana akajongwanga ngokucacileyo ekunikezeni isampuli yomchamo
- Ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi kungabonwa njengokungabikho kwemfihlo yobuncwane kwaye kunokudala "indawo yokucaphuka, ukungathembeki, nokusola" phakathi kwentsha kunye nabazali babo
Kwakhona, izilingo zamachiza maxa wambi zinzima ukutolika, ngakumbi xa zijongene nokuvavanywa kobuxoki-ukuhlolwa kweziyobisi ezintle ngenxa yonyango olongezelelekileyo okanye ukutya, njengembewu ye-poppy.
I-AAP ithetha ukuba ukuhlolwa kweziyobisi kunokwenziwa njengolu vavanyo lokuxilongwa kwabaselula ekwenzeni unyango lweziyobisi. Ukuhlolwa kweziyobisi ngokuzithandela kungasetyenziselwa, ngokwe-AAP, "xa kuyimfuneko ukucacisa imbangela yokuziphatha kakubi kunye nezinye iinguqu kwisimo sengqondo okanye ukuziphatha okubi."
Nangona kunjalo, endaweni yokuvavanywa kweziyobisi, abatsha abanokuxhatshazwa ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, kodwa abaphika ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kotywala ekujongeni iziyobisi, kufuneka ukuba bathunyelwe "kwizonyango zokuqeqeshwa kwezempilo ukwenzela ukuvavanya, ukunikwa iingcebiso kunye nokunyanga njengoko kuyimfuneko." Khumbula, u vavanyo olubi lweziyobisi aluyi kuthetha ukuba umntwana wakho akasasebenzisi iziyobisi okanye utywala, kwaye ukuvavanywa kwezilwanyana ezintle kuya kubangela ukuba uhanjiswe.
Uvavanyo lweziyobisi
Ukongezelela kwiimvavanyo zezilwanyana zasekhaya kunye nokuhlolwa kweziyobisi ezikolweni, apho i-AAP ichasene nayo, iimvavanyo zezilwanyana ezinokuthi zenziwe xa zifanelekileyo zibandakanya iipaneli zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezinokuzama ukuvavanya iziyobisi ezihlanu ukuya kwezi-10, eziquka:
- Amphetamines (amphetamine kunye ne-methamphetamine)
- Barbiturates
- Benzodiazepines (Valium noXanax)
- I-Cocaine metabolites
- I-metabolites (i-20, 50 okanye i-100 ng / mL izikrini)
- IMethadone
- IMetququone
- I-opiates (morphine, ikhodidi, i-hydrocodone)
- Phencyclidine
- Propoxyphene
I-ethyl yotywala iyakuthi idibaniswe kwiiphaneli ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.
Khumbula ukuqwalasela ubuchule kunye neqhinga phambi kokuba uvavanyo lweziyobisi kumntwana wakho.
Imithombo:
I-American Academy ye-Pediatrics Policy Statement. Ukusetyenziswa kokusetyenziswa kwezinto, ukuPhepha okufutshane, kunye nokuThatyathwa koTyango lwaBantwana. Izifo zengqondo ngo-2011; 128: 5 e1330-e1340.
I-American Academy ye-Pediatrics Policy Statement. Ukusetyenziswa kotywala ngoLutsha kunye noLutsha: Ukukhathazeka kwezilwanyana. Iingcali ze-2010 125: 1078-1087.
I-American Academy ye-Pediatrics Policy Statement. Ukuvavanya Iziyobisi Zobundlobongela Kubantwana Neengane Zengane: IsiHlomelo - Ukuvavanywa kwiZikolo nakwiiKhaya. Izifo zengqondo Vol. 119 No. 3 Matshi 2007, iphe. 627-630.
I-American Academy ye-Pediatrics Clinical Report. Ugwayi, utywala kunye nezinye iziyobisi: Inxaxheba yonyango lwezilwanyana ekukhuseleni, ukuchonga, kunye nokulawulwa kweziyobisi. Iingcali zika-2005 2005 115: 816-821.
CDC. Uhlolo loLuntu olujongene noKhuseleko olutsha - eMelika, 2009. I-MMWR. Vol. 59. Hayi SS-5. Juni 4, 2010.