I-opiates yindlela yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezinomdlavuza osebenza njengabacinezelekayo kwinkqubo ye -nervous central (CNS). Ama-ophium avela kwi-opium, enokuveliswa ngokwemvelo kwizityalo zepoppy okanye ezivela kwi-alkaloids esezantsi-synthetic.
Ezinye zezona opiate eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya:
- Iipilisi zephilisi
- I-Morphine (iKadidi, iAvinza)
- ICodeine
- Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
- I-Oxycodone (i-OxyContin, i-Percocet)
- Heroin
Izibalo kwi-Opiate Use and Abuse
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-opiate kuphakama jikelele, ngoko kungenakukumangaliswa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kakubi nokuxhatshazwa kwezizinto ezinjalo kuye kwanda kwiminyaka yamuva. Ngokutsho kweNational Institute of Drug Abuse:
- Ngo-2013, ama-paicillers opiate amiselwe amaxesha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200.
- Phakathi kwabantu abayizigidi ezingama-26 ukuya kwezi-36 emhlabeni jikelele.
- Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini eUnited States baneengxaki zokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweepiate painkillers.
- Phantse isiqingatha sezigidi zabantu base-US banomlutha kwi heroin.
- Ngo-2010, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kweepiate painkillers kwaphumela ekufeni kwabantu abayi-17 000 eMelika.
- I-American Society of Addiction Medicine ibikela ukuba malunga neepesenti ezingama-75 zabo bonke abantu abaphethwe yi-opioid isifo sokulutha isigxina baphela ekushintsheni kwi-heroin njengomthombo oncinci we-opiates.
Iifuthe Zithinta Njani Ubuchopho?
Bobabini izilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana zifumana i-opiate receptors kwingqondo.
Lawa ma-receptor enza njengeziza zenzelwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-opiate ezifana ne-heroin kunye ne-morphine.
Isizathu sokuba ingqondo inezi ndawo zamukeli kukuba ngenxa yobukho bendawo (yangaphakathi) ye- neurotransmitters ezisebenzayo kulezi ziza ze-receptor kwaye zivelise iimpendulo emzimbeni ofanayo nawawo opiate iziyobisi.
Ama-opiates asebenza ngokubophelela kwi-receptors ethile kwiingqondo , ngaloo ndlela zixelisa imiphumo yeekhemikhali zokukhupha iintlungu eziveliswa ngokwemvelo. Ezi zi yobisi zibophezela ukuba zenze i-opeate receptors kwingqondo, emgodini, nakwezinye indawo emzimbeni. Ngokuzibophelela kula ma-receptors, bavimba ukuqonda kweentlungu. Ama-ophiates angabamba intlungu kwaye enze iimvakalelo zentlalo-ntle, kodwa zingabangela nemiphumo ecaleni njengentlungu, ukudideka nokulala.
Ukongezelela ekunciphiseni ubuhlungu, i-opiates ingakhokelela kwimvakalelo yomsindo. Nangona bahlala bephumelele ekuphatheni ubuhlungu, abantu banokugcina ukunyamezela kwezi zonyango, ngoko bafuna amayeza aphezulu ukuba bafezekise imiphumo efanayo. Njengoko iziphumo zezilwanyana ze-opiate ziyakunyamezela, abantu bangase bathathe amanyathelo aphezulu kakhulu ukuba bafumane iintlungu ezifanayo kunye nokunciphisa iimpawu zokurhoxa . Iimpawu zokurhoxisa i-opiate ziquka ukuxhalaba, izilonda zomsizi, ukucaphuka, ukungazinzi, ukuphalaza, ukuphalaza, ukuhlanza, kunye nesisu esiswini.
Yintoni eyenza i-opiates kadokotela ibe yingozi? Ngenxa yokuba zichaphazela ingqondo ngendlela efana ne-heroin kunye ne-morphine, zibeka umngcipheko wokulutha, ukusetyenziswa ngokweqile, nokugqitha.
Abanye abantu banokuba ngumlutha xa bebathatha ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa izingozi zinganyuswa ngokungabathathi njengoko zichazwe okanye ngokudibanisa nezinye izinto kuquka utywala kunye nezinye iziyobisi.
Kulinganiselwa ukuba abantu abadala abayi-100 base-US bafumana uhlobo oluthile lobuhlungu obungapheliyo. Iintlungu ezixubileyo ze-opioid zidlalwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba zenze unyango olwenziwe yingozi, intlungu yamazinyo, kunye nentlungu. Uphando lubonisa ukuba xa kuthathwa njengalathathwayo, akunakukhokelela ekusebenziseni ngokugqithiseleyo okanye kumlutha.
Abantu abasebenzisa i-opiates ukulawula intlungu kufuneka baqhagamshelane nabaqeqeshi babo bezempilo xa bekholelwa ukuba banokuphuhlisa ukunyamezela okanye umlutha.
Iingxelo
Umbutho waseMerika woNgezelelo lweMithi. (2015). I-opioid isalathiso sesifo: ama-2015 amaqiniso kunye namanani. Kubuyiselwa kwi-http: //www.asam.org/docs/default-source/advocacy/opioid-addingase-facts-figures.pdf
Volkow, ND (2014). Umlutha waseMerika kwi-opioids: I-Heroin kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngokweziyobisi. Ubungqina kwiCongress. Isizwe seSizwe sokuLawulwa kweziyobisi. Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/legislative-activities/testimony-to-congress/2015/americas-addiction-to-opioids-heroin-prescription-drug-abuse