Kwizibalo, isampuli yinqanaba leqela elisebenzisayo ukumela lonke iqela elipheleleyo. Xa usenza uphando, akunakwenzeka ukuba uhlolisise yonke ilungu labantu abathile ngenxa yokuba inani labantu likhulu kakhulu. Ukwenza ingqinisiso malunga neempawu zoluntu, abaphandi bangasebenzisa isampula esingahleliyo .
Kutheni Abaphandi Basebenzisa Iisampuli?
Xa uphando malunga nombono womntu okanye ukuziphatha , abaphandi abakwazi ukuqokelela idatha kumntu ngamnye kwiimeko ezininzi. Kunoko, bakhetha isampula encinane yabantu abamele iqela elikhulu. Ukuba isampula imela abantu abemi ngokubhekiselele, abaphandi banokuthatha iziphumo zabo baze bazalise kwiqela elikhulu.
Iintlobo zeSampuli
Kuphando lweengqondo kunye nezinye iintlobo zophando loluntu, abahloli baxhomekeke kwiindlela ezimbalwa zeempendulo.
I-Sampling Possibility
Isampula esinokuthi sinokuthi ithetha ukuba wonke umntu kubemi kwaye unelungelo elilinganayo lokukhethwa. Ngenxa yokuba isampula esinokuthi sampling ibandakanya ukhetho olukhethiweyo, luqinisekisa ukuba i-subset ehlukeneyo yoluntu inethuba elilinganayo lokumelwa kwisampuli. Oku kwenza ukuba iisampuli zimelele ngakumbi, kwaye abaphandi banokukwazi ukuvelisa iziphumo zabo kwiqela lonke.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbalwa ezahlukeneyo zokusampula:
- Isampula esilula ngokukhawuleza kukuba, njengoko igama libonisa, uhlobo olulula kakhulu lweempendulo. Abaphandi bathabatha wonke umntu kubemi kwaye ngokukhawuleza bakhethe isampula zabo, ngokuqhelekileyo basebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lweprogram yekhompyutheni okanye i-generator number random.
- Isampuli esilungeleleneyo esisetyenziswayo siquka ukwahlula uluntu kwiinqununu kwaye emva koko kuthathe isampula esilulayo kwi-nganye yeenkqutyana. Ngokomzekelo, uphando lunokuhlukanisa uluntu ukuya kwiinqunjana ezincike kuhlanga, ubulili, okanye ubudala uze uthathe isampula esilula. Isampuli esilungeleleneyo esicwangcisiweyo sisoloko sinikela ngokuchanekileyo kwesabalo kunokuba isampuli senzeke ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye sinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanye amaqela achazwe ngokuchanekileyo kwisampuli.
- Iisampulu zeenkampu zibandakanya ukwahlula uluntu kumacandelo amancinci, ngokuqhelekileyo kusekelwe kwindawo okanye indawo. Isampula esingalindelekanga salezi ziqoqo likhethwa kwaye zonke izifundo ezikwinqanaba lilinganiselwa. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba uzama ukwenza isifundo kwiinqununu zesikolo kwimeko yakho. Ukuqokelela idatha kuwo wonke umgaqo wesikolo omnye kuya kuba yindleko-ingavumelekanga kwaye idle ixesha. Ukusebenzisa indlela yokwenza isampula, ukhetha ngokukhawuleza iinqununu ezihlanu ukusuka kwimeko yakho kwaye uqokelele idatha kuyo yonke into kwisithili ngasinye.
2. Ukungabikho kokuthintelwa kweSampula
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuchithwa kokungenakwenzeka, kubandakanya ukukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba basebenzisa iindlela ezinganiki ngamnye umntu kwiithuba elilinganayo lokukhethwa.
Enye ingxaki ngale ndlela isampula kukuba iivolontiya zinokuhluka kwiintlobo ezithile ngaphandle kwezivolontiya, ezingenza kube nzima ukuvelisa iziphumo kubo bonke abantu.
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeempendulo ezingenakunokwenzeka:
- Ukufumana isampula ngokulula kufaka ukusebenzisa abathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo kuba zikulungele kwaye ziyafumaneka. Ukuba uyazivolontiya kwisifundo seengqondo esenziwa kwisebe lezeyunivesithi yakho, sele uthathe inxaxheba kwisifundo esithembele kwisampuli esilula. Izifundo ezithembele ekucebiseni amavolontiya okanye ngokusebenzisa iisampula zeklinikhi ezifumanekayo kumphandi nazo ziyimimiselo yeesampuli ezilula.
- Isampula yokuthenga iquka ukufuna abantu abahlangabezana nemigangatho ethile. Ngokomzekelo, abathengi bangaba nomdla ekufundeni indlela iimveliso zabo ezibonwa ngayo ngabasetyhini abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 no-35. Basenokuqesha iseshishini lophando lweemarike ukuqhuba udliwanonxibelelwano ngefowuni olufuna ngokuzithandela kunye nodliwano-ndlebe nabafazi abahlangabezana nemilinganiselo yabo yobudala.
- Isampula seempota sichaphazela ukuba isampula ngenjongo ethile ethile yeqela elingaphakathi koluntu. Ngokomzekelo, abavolonti bezopolitiko banokuba nomdla ekuphanduleni imibono yabemi kwimicimbi ethile yezopolitiko. Ukuba basebenzise isampuli esilula, bangaphuthelwa iissetyenzisi ezithile zabemi ngethuba. Esikhundleni saloo nto, baqulunqa imilinganiselo yokuba ipesenti ezithile zeesampuli mazibandakanye ezi nkqutyana. Ngelixa isampula esiphumelayo ingabonakali ngokulinganayo kwamanani akhoyo kubantu, ukuba nexabiso liqinisekisa ukuba ezi nkqutyana ezincinci zimelelwe.
Funda kabanzi ngezinye iindlela ezenzekayo kunye neesampuli ezingenakunokwenzeka.
Iimpazamo zokuSamphula
Ngenxa yokuba isampula ngokwemvelo ayinakuquka wonke umntu kumntu, iimpazamo ziyakwenzeka. Ukwahlukana phakathi kwezinto ezikhoyo kubemi kunye nento ekhoyo kwisampuli iyaziwa njengeiphene zampampu .
Nangona kungenakwenzeka ukwazi kakuhle ukuba lukhulu kangakanani umahluko phakathi koluntu kunye nesampuli, abaphandi banako ukuqikelela ubungakanani beephene zokusampula. Kwimizekelo yezopolitiko, umzekelo, usenokuba uva ngeendlela eziphambukayo ezichazwe ngamanqanaba athile athembekileyo.
Ngokubanzi, enkulu inkulu yesampuli incinci kwinqanaba lephutha. Oku kungenxa yokuba nje ukuba isampula isondela ekufikeleleni ubungakanani bebonke abemi, kunokwenzeka ukuba kubambelele ngokuchanekileyo zonke iimpawu zoluntu. Indlela yodwa yokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo impazamo yesampula kukuqokelela idatha kubo bonke abantu, okuqhelekileyo kuba yindleko-engavumelekanga kunye nokuchitha ixesha. Iiphene zamphononongo zingancitshiswa, nangona kunjalo, ngokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwamathuba angaphantsi kunye nesayizi enkulu yesampula.
Iingxelo:
Goodwin, CJ (2010). Uphando kwiShyiloji: Izindlela kunye noyilo. Hoboken, NJ: UJohn Wiley kunye noonyana.
UNicholas, uL. (2008). Isingeniso kwiSychology. UCT Press: eKapa.