Iimvavanyo eziqhubekayo zihlala zithandwa, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kukuphikisana
U vavanyo oluthile luhlobo lovavanyo lomntu apho unikeza iimpendulo kwiimifanekiso ezingamangalisa, amagama okanye imifanekiso. Injongo yaloo vavanyo kukufumanisa iingxabano ezifihlakeleyo okanye iimvakalelo ozenzayo kwi-test kunye nethemba lokuba le micimbi inokuqwalaselwa ngonyango lwe- psychotherapy okanye ezinye iindlela zokonyango ezifanelekileyo.
Iprojekti ihlola njani Ixesha
Olu hlobo lovavanyo lwavela kwisikolo somqondo wengqondo, okwakusikisela ukuba abantu abanengcamango engqondweni okanye abanxusa.
Iimvavanyo zeprojekti zenzelwe ukufumanisa iimvakalelo, iiminqweno kunye neengxabano ezifihlakeleyo ekuqapheliseni. Ngokutolika iimpendulo kwiingongoma ezingathandekiyo, i-psychoanalyst inethemba lokufumanisa le mvakalelo engenakuqonda engabangela iingxaki ebomini bomntu.
Naphezu kokuphikisana nokusetyenziswa kwabo, iimvavanyo ezibonakalayo zihlala zidume kakhulu kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizicwangciso zesibini kunye nezobugcisa. Uphando olutshanje lubonisa ukuba ngoxa uqeqesho lovavanyo lweprojekti kwizicwangciso zesigqibo sezengqondo sele luye lwayeka ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo okanye, ubuncinane ubuncinci bolu vavanyo lubonakaliswe njengenye yeemvavanyo ezi-5 eziphezulu ezisetyenziselwa ukuqhuba iikhompyutyana ezingama-28 ezingama-28 zehlabathi jikelele. .
Iprojekti ihlola njani umsebenzi
Kwiimvavanyo ezininzi zeprojekti, uboniswa umfanekiso ongcolileyo kwaye wabuza ukuba unike impendulo yokuqala efika engqondweni. Isisitshixo kwiimvavanyo zeprojekti yinto engabonakaliyo ye-stimuli.
Ngokomxholo wolu vavanyo, ukusebenzisa imibuzo echazwe ngokucacileyo kunokubangela iimpendulo ezenziwe ngokucokisekileyo ngengqondo engqondweni . Xa ubuzwa umbuzo ocacileyo malunga nesihloko esithile, kufuneka uchithe ixesha ngokuzikhethela ukudala impendulo. Oku kungabonisa ukunyaniseka kunye nokuba kungenamanga, nokuba uyazama ukukhohlisa umniki-mvavanyo.
Ngokomzekelo, ummangalelwa unokunika iimpendulo ezibonwa njengento eyamkelekileyo okanye enqwenelekayo emphakathini kodwa mhlawumbi ayinayo ingcamango echanileyo yeemvakalelo zakhe okanye iimpawu zakhe.
Ngokukunika umbuzo okanye uvuselelo olungacacileyo, izizathu zakho eziphambili kunye neengcinga ezingabonakaliyo zibonakaliswe. Ithemba kukuba ngenxa yobungqina obungabonakali bemibuzo, abantu bangenakukwazi ukuthembela kwiingcamango ezinokwenzeka malunga noko bacinga ukuba umhloli ukulindele ukuba abone kwaye abanakulingelwa ukuba "bahlambele," okanye benze ukuba bajonge kakuhle, siphumo.
Iintlobo zeeProjective Test
Kukho inani leentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlolwa kweprojekthi. Nazi ezinye ezimbalwa zezona zinto ziyaziwayo:
- Uvavanyo lweRorschach Inkblot: Olu vavanyo lwalunye lweemvavanyo zokuqala zeprojekti eziphuhlisiwe kwaye ziyaqhubeka ziphakathi kwezona ziyaziwayo kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ephuhliswe ngu-Swiss psychiatrist uHermann Rorschach ngowe-1921, uvavanyo luqukethe amakhadi ahlukeneyo angama-10 abonisa inkqulo engenangqondo. Uboniswe elinye ikhadi ngexesha kwaye ucelwa ukuba uchaze oko ubona kumfanekiso. Iimpendulo zibhalwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngumhloli. Imisindo, ithoni yezwi, kunye nezinye iimpendulo ziyaqatshelwa. Iziphumo zolu vavanyo ziyahlukahluka kuxhomekeke kwiziphi iinkqubo ezininzi ezikhoyo zokuhlola iimviwo.
- Uvavanyo lweThematic Apperception (TAT): Kulo vavanyo , ucelwa ukuba ubuke uchungechunge lwezigcawu ezingabonakaliyo uze uxelele ibali elichaza umcimbi, kuquka oko kwenzekayo, indlela abalinganiswa abavakalelwa ngayo, kunye nendlela eli bali isiphelo. Umhloli ke ulinganise uvavanyo olusekelwe kwiimfuno, izizathu, kunye nexhala lomlingiswa oyintloko, kunye nendlela ekugqibeleni ibali liphuma ngayo.
- Uvavanyo lweDra-A-Person: Olu hlobo lweemvavanyo luyiloo nto ungayicinga ngayo: udweba umntu kunye nomfanekiso oyidalayo uvavanywa ngumhloli. Umtoliki wovavanyo unokujonga izinto ezifana nobukhulu beengxenye ezithile zomzimba okanye iimpawu, inqanaba leenkcukacha ezinikezelwe kulo mfanekiso, kunye nomfanekiso wonke wokudweba. Njengeminye imilinganiselo yeprojekti, uvavanyo lweDra-A-Person lugxekwa ngenxa yokungabi nalutho. Nangona utoliki onokuvavanya angacetyisa ukuba imiba ethile yomzobo ibonisa ukuthambekela kwengqondo ethile, abaninzi banokuthi ukuthetha nje kuthetha ukuba isifundo sinezakhono ezingekho kakuhle. Uvavanyo lusetyenziswe njengomlinganiselo wobulumko kubantwana, kodwa uphando oluqhathanisa amanqaku kwi-Wechsler Preschool ne-Primary Scale of Intelligence kwi-Test-A-Person vavanyo lufumene ukulungelelanisa kakhulu phakathi kwamanqaku amabini.
- Uvavanyo lweNdlu-Umntu: Kulolu hlobo lovavanyo lweprojekthi, ucelwa ukuba udwebe indlu, umthi kunye nomntu. Emva kokuba umzobo uphelile, uceliwe uchungechunge lwemibuzo malunga nemifanekiso oyifakile. Uvavanyo lwaluqale luyilwe nguJohn Buck kwaye lubandakanya uluhlu lwemibuzo engama-60 yokubuza ummangalelwa, nangona abalawuli beemvavanyo bangaphinda beze nemibuzo yabo okanye imibuzo yokulandelelana ukuze bahlolisise iimpendulo zezifundo. Ngokomzekelo, umlawuli wovavanyo unokubuza ngomzobo wendlu: "Ngubani ohlala apha ?," "Ngubani othe tyelela umntu ohlala apha ?," kunye "Ngaba umhlali uyavuya?"
Ubuthathaka
Iimvavanyo ezibonakalayo zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizicwangciso zokwelapha. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abagqirha basebenzisa le mvavanyo ukuba bafunde ulwazi olulinganiswa ngalo. Abanye abaphengululi bangasebenzisa iimvavanyo zeprojekthi njengendlela yokuqhaqhaqhaqhazelayo ukuze kukukhuthaze ukuxoxa ngemiba okanye uhlolisise iingcamango neemvakalelo zakho.
Nangona uvavanyo lweprojekti lunemivuzo ethile, nabo banobuthathaka obuninzi kunye nokunciphisa, kuquka:
- Impendulo yommangalelwa inokuchaphazeleka kakhulu ngombono weemviwo okanye ukulungiswa kovavanyo.
- Ukulinganisa iimvavanyo ezibonakalayo zibaluleke kakhulu, ngoko ukuguqulelwa kweempendulo kuyahluka ngokubanzi ukusuka kumhloli omnye ukuya kwesilandelayo.
- Iimvavanyo zeprojekti ezingenazo izikali zokulinganisa eziqhelekileyo zivame ukungabikho kokubili ukuthembeka nokuthembeka . Ukuqinisekiswa kubhekiselele ukuba ingaba uvavanyo alulingani ukuba lulinganisani, ngelixa ukunyaniseka kubhekisela kwimilinganiselo yokuhlolwa.
Ixabiso lovavanyo lweProjective
Nangona kubuthathaka, iimvavanyo ezibonakalayo zisasetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngabagqirha beengqondo kunye nabagula ngengqondo . Ezinye iingcali zibonisa ukuba iinguqulelo zakutsha ezininzi zeemvavanyo zeprojekthi zinexabiso elisebenzayo kunye nokuqinisekileyo. Iindlela zobuchule zisetyenziselwa uphando lweemarike ukukunceda ukufumanisa iimvakalelo ezinzulu, imibutho kunye neenkqubo zokucinga ezinxulumene neemveliso ezithile kunye neemveliso.
Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba iimvavanyo ezinjenge-Rorschach zinokubaluleka njengoluvavanyo olongezelelweyo olwenziwe ngokubambisana nezinye iimvavanyo zokuxilonga ukufumanisa ukuphazamiseka kwengcinga kunye nokukhubazeka. Kwakhona, iimvavanyo zeprojekthi zingabamba ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kwazo njengamathuluzi okuhlola kwi-psychotherapy.
> Imithombo:
> IKomidi yoVavanyo lweZengqondo, kuquka ukuVavanywa kweNgcaciso, yoLawulo loKhuseleko loLuntu ukuQiniseka kokukhubazeka; IBhodi kwiMpilo yeeNdawo eziPhakathi; Iziko Lonyango. UkuVavanywa kokukhubazeka kunye nokuSebenza kweeNzululwazi zengqondo. Ku: Uvavanyo lweZengqondo kwiNkonzo yokuChobisa ukuKhubazeka. IWashington (DC): I-National Academy Press (US); Juni 29, 2015.
> Imuta K, Isiqwenga D, iStro H, uHayne H. Ukutsala kufuphi nokuSebenziselwa koLuntu Imidwebo yeMifanekiso njengeProjective Measure of Intelligence. PLoS ONE . 2013; 8 (3): e58991. i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0058991.
> Coon DC, uMitterer JO. Isingeniso kwiSkychology: Ingenelelo kwengqondo nokuziphatha. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2013.
> I-Nunez K. Iinkqubo zoPhando kwiPhando lokuThengisa iMarike. American Marketing Association. Ipapashwe ngoFebruwari 9, 2015.
> I-Piotrowski C. Ngokwehla kweeNkqubo zoPhando kwiCandelo loQeqesho lwezeNgqondo. INtshona American Journal of Psychology . Agasti 2015; 17 (2): 259.
> Stedman JM, McGeary CA, Essery J. Iipatheni zamanqanaba eziQeqesho zoBuntu kuVavanyo ngexesha loPhando. Journal of Clinical Psychology . 2018; 74: 398-406. i-doi: 10.1002 / jclp.22496.