Imilinganiselo yeMetabolism iyahluleka kumntu
Kutheni abanye abantu besela utywala kunye nabanye? Kutheni abanye abaphuza beza kuba neengxaki zempilo ezinzulu ngenxa yokusela xa abanye bengenalo?
Ukusela kakhulu kunokunyusa ingozi kwimiphumo eyahlukileyo yempilo - utywala . isifo sesibindi kunye nomhlaza. Kodwa, abanye abaphuza kubonakala bengoomngcipheko omkhulu wokuphucula ezi ngxaki kunabanye.
Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba umehluko ungabandakanya indlela umzimba oye waphula ngayo kwaye ususe utywala-okwazi ukuhluka ngokubanzi kubantu ngabanye, kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Ukukhawuleza Ukusela Utywala?
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba utywala obuninzi umntu awonayo, umzimba ungasetyenziselwa ukuba utywala ixesha elithile. Ishati eboniswe ngasentla ibonisa ixesha eliqhelekileyo lithatha abesilisa abasixhenxe abasazila ukudla ukuba babuyele kwizinga le-content alcohol alcohol, emva kokudla ngokukhawuleza kwezi-4 eziqhelekileyo iziphuzo .
Ishati ibonisa ukuba abo baphuza isiselo esisodwa kuphela babhala i-BAC ye-0.00 kwiiyure ezingaphezu kweeyure ezimbini emva koko. Abo babenayo iiphulo ezine ngexesha lokuqala, abazange babuyele kwi-0.00 BAC de kwiiyure ezisixhenxe kamva.
Kungenxa yokuba umzimba unako ukuphuza utshwala obuninzi kwaye uyisuse kwigazi ngeyure. Amaxesha aboniswe kwitekiti yimilinganiselo; ixesha elowo umntu ethatha ukuxilisa utywala lingahluka ngokubanzi, ngenxa yezizathu ezichazwe ngezantsi.
I-Metabolism yoTywala
Xa utshatywala lugqityiwe lithathwa kwigazi ukusuka esiswini nasemathumbu. Emva koko i-enzymes - iikhemikhali zomzimba ezidiliza ezinye iikhemikhali - ziqala ukuxilisa utywala.
Ii-enzymes ezimbini zesibindi - utywala we-dehydrogenase (ADH) kunye ne-aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) - qalisa ukuphula umlenze we-alcohol ukwenzela ukuba ekugqibeleni ungasuswa emzimbeni.
I-ADH inceda ukuguqula utywala ukuya kwi-acetaldehyde. I-enzyme cytochrome i-P450 2E1 (i-CYP2E1) kunye ne-catalase iphinda iphule utshwala kwi-acetaldehyde.
I-carcinogen ephezulu kakhulu
I-Acetaldehyde kuphela emzimbeni ngexesha elifutshane ngenxa yokuba liguquke ngokukhawuleza ukuze lenze i-acetate nezinye i-enzymes. I-acetate iphinde iphulwe emanzini kwaye
Nangona i-acetaldehyde ikhona emzimbeni ixesha elincinci, inetyhefu kakhulu kunye ne-carcinogen eyaziwayo.
Ininzi yotywala ixiliswe ngesibindi njengoko ichazwe ngasentla, kodwa ixabiso elincinci liyakususwa emzimbeni ngokwenza ama-ester e-ester e-fat (ii-FAEE) ezinamafutha, iifom efunyenwe ukuba zonakalise isibindi kunye ne-pancreas.
Kwakhona, ubuncinci bodakwa butywala abuyi kuhlaziywa kwaye kupheliswa ekuphefumuleni nasemcinini. Yileyo ndlela umxholo we-alcohol-alcohol ulinganiswa ngayo ekuphefumlweni nasekuphepheni komchamo.
Iingozi Ze-Acetaldehyde
I-Acetaldehyde ingabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwisibindi ngenxa yokuba yilapho ininzi utywala idibene khona kwisicikiliso somkhiqizo. Nangona kunjalo, utywala obuthile buxiliswe kwi-pancreas nangengqondo, apho i-acetaldehyde ingonakalisa iiseli kunye nezicubu.
Inani elincinci lotywala lugxininiswa kwisiginci sesisu, esinokulimaza nge-acetaldehyde.
Abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba imiphumo ye-acetaldehyde ihamba ngaphezu komonakalo onokubangela izicubu, kodwa inokuthi ixanduva lwezinye iziphumo zokuziphatha nezomzimba ezibangelwa utywala.
Ngaba i-Acetaldehyde ixanduva lokuKhubazeka?
Xa abaphandi bephethe i-acetaldehyde kwizilwanyana zasebhoratri kwabangela ukungalingani, ukukhubazeka kwememori, nokulala.
Abanye abaphandi bathi akunakwenzeka ukuba i-acetaldehyde yedwa yenze le miphumo ngenxa yokuba ingqondo ikhusela kwiimichiza ezinobungozi egazini kunye nesithintelo segazi esisodwa.
Nangona kunjalo, xa i-enzymes catalase kunye neCYP2E1 i-metabolizes utywala-oko kwenzeka kuphela xa ixabiso elikhulu lidliwe - i-acetaldehyde ingaveliswa kwingqondo ngokwayo.
I-Genetics isemva kweMetabolism
Ubungakanani besibindi kunye nomzimba ubuninzi bomntu ophuzayo bubangelwa buninzi bokusela kotywala umntu angakwazi ukugubungela kwiyure, ngoko ke isantya apho umntu atywala khona utywala angahluka ngokubanzi.
Kodwa, uphando lusitshela ukuba ukuveliswa kwemfuza yomntu mhlawumbi kuyona nto ibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle okanye ukungabi ngotywala kunye nokupheliswa.
Utshintsho lwe-ADH ne-ALDH enzymes luye lwalandelwa ukuhluka kwiijethi ezivelisa ezi enzymes. Abanye abantu bane-enzyme ze-ADH ne-ALDH ezisebenzayo kangangoko kunabanye, ngelixa ezinye zine-enzymes ezisebenza ngokuphumelelayo.
Abanye abantu abanama-enzymes aphantsi
Ukubeka nje, oku kuthetha ukuba abanye abantu baneenzyme ezingakwazi ukuphuza utshwala ukuya kwi-acetaldehyde, okanye i-acetaldehyde ukuba i-acetate, ikhawuleze ngakumbi kunabanye.
Ukuba umntu une-enzyme ye-ADH esebenza ngokukhawuleza okanye i-enzyme e-ALDH esebenza ngokukhawuleza, ingaba ne-acetaldehyde enetyhefu ekwakheni emzimbeni, ongenza iziphumo ezinobungozi okanye ezingathandekiyo xa zisela utywala.
Oku kunokuba yinto ebalulekileyo ukuba ingaba loo mntu unomdla wokuphuhliswa kokusetyenziswa kotywala.
Ngokomzekelo, kukho uhlobo olulodwa lwee-enzyme ezibangela ukwakhiwa kwe-acetaldehyde ukuya kwinqanaba elibangela ukuba kuqhutywe ubuso, isicupunu, kunye nentlawulo yeentliziyo ezikhawulezayo. Le miphumo ingenzeka kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kotywala.
Ukukhuselwa ekuphuhliseni utywala
Ngako oko, abantu abanolu hlobo lwezinto eziphilayo-eziqhelekileyo kubantu baseTshayina, baseJapan naseKorea-bancipha ukusela kakhulu ngenxa yokuba bafumana ukusela utywala kuba ngamava angamnandi. Ukuhluka kwawo kwemfuza kunesiphumo sokukhusela utywala .
Loo mzimba wokukhusela, i-ADH1B * 2 ayifumaneki ngokuqhelekileyo kubantu baseYurophu nabaseAfrika. Olunye uhlobo, i-ADH1B * 3, lufumaneka kwi-15-25% yabase-Afrika baseMerika kwaye lukhusela ukulwa notywala.
Nangona kunjalo, olunye uphando lufumene ukuhlukahluka kwe-ALDH enzyme, ALDH1A1 * 2 kunye ne-ALDH1A1 * 3, inokudityaniswa notywala kubantu base-Afrika nabaseMerika.
Akusiyo yonke i-Genetic
Nangona ukuhluka kofuzo lwe-enzyme kunokuthatha indima ekukhuseleni umntu ekuveliseni ukutywala utywala, okanye kungenjalo, izinto ezinokusingqongileyo zingadlala indima ebalulekileyo.
Ngokomzekelo, ngelixa uphando lufumanise ukuba izidakwa zaseJapan ezithwala i-ADH1B * 2 inguquko ye-gene yanda ukusuka ku-2.5 ukuya kuma-13 ekhulwini phakathi kuka-1979 no-1992, ukusetyenziswa kotywala eJapan kwanda kakhulu.
Ngaphezu koko, e-US abaninzi abantu baseMerika bafa ngenxa yezizathu ezinxulumene notywala kunokuba ziphi na ezinye iintlanga, kodwa abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba akukho ntlukwano kwimizekelo ye-enzyme okanye i-alcohol metabolism rate yama-America aseMerika kunye neCaucasians, ebonisa ukuba kukho nezinye izinto ezidlala uphuhliso lweengxaki ezinxulumene notywala .
Iziphumo zeMpilo yoTywala yeMetabolism
Ukusetyenziswa kanzima okanye okungapheliyo kotywala kuye kwadibaniswa uluhlu olude lweempembelelo zempilo ezimbi, kodwa ezinye iingxaki zempilo ziye zaxhunyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwindlela utywala obuthatyathwa ngayo umzimba kunye nokuveliswa kwe-acetaldehyde.
I-Cancer - Iziphumo ezinobungozi ze-acetaldehyde ziye zadibana nokuphuhliswa kwamanomdla emlonyeni, emqaleni, emphefumlweni wokuphefumula, isibindi, ikholoni kunye nebele. Okumangalisayo kukuba, iinjengezi "ezikhusela" abanye ekuphuhlisweni kotywala kunokunyusa ukwanda kwabo ekukhuselweni komhlaza.
Nangona bancitshiswa kakhulu ukuba baphuze utywala obuninzi, basengozini enkulu yokuba nomhlaza ngenxa yokuba imizimba yabo ivelisa i-acetaldehyde xa isela.
Ngoko ke, abanye abaselayo ngokulinganayo banomngcipheko omkhulu wokuba nomhlaza.
Ingxaki yokuTywala kweTywala yeTywala (FASD) - Abafazi abakhulelweyo abaphuza kakhulu banomngcipheko omkhulu kuba banokuba banesifo esingondlekiyo. Uphando lubonisile ukuba ukutya okunomsoco kungabangela ukuba umama aphucule utshwala ngokukhawuleza.
Umntwana ongakazalwa unokuxhatshazwa ngokunyuka kokusela kotywala ngenxa yobunzima bokunciphisa umama kunye nokunyusa utywala kunokuthintela umntwana ukuba afumane isondlo esifanelekileyo kwi-placenta, enomdla wokukhula komntwana.
Izifo zesibindi sokunxilisa - Ngenxa yokuba isibindi sisigqeba esilungisa ubuninzi besiselo sotywala emzimbeni, ngoko ke apho kukho ininzi ye-acetaldehyde eveliswayo, ingakumbi yingozi kwi-alcohol metabolism. Amaphesenti angama-90% abaphuza kakhulu abaphuza izilwanyana bahlakulela isibindi esinamafutha.
I-Pancreatitis enoTywala - Ngenxa yokuba umthamo we-alcohol metabolism wenziwa kwakhona kwi-pancreas, ubonakala kwizinga eliphezulu ze-acetaldehyde ne-FAEE. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphantsi kwe-10% yabanxilisayo abanokuphuza i-pancreatitis yobunxila, kubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kotywala kuphela akuyona yodwa into ekuphuhliseni isifo.
Ezinye izinto ezinokubandakanya ukutshaya, ukutya, iindlela zokusela kunye nokwahlukana kwindlela utywala obuthatyathelwe ngayo inokudlala indima, kodwa akukho nto idibaniswe ngokucacileyo kwi-pancreatitis.
Abafazi kunye noTywala Metabolism
Abasetyhini banamathele kwaye baxilise utywala ngokuhlukileyo kumadoda. Uphando lubonisile ukuba abafazi banokuba nomsebenzi ongaphantsi we-ADH kwisisu, ukuvumela ipesenteji enkulu yokwaphuza ufikelele egazini ngaphambi kokuba idibeneyo.
Oku kunokuba yinto enye kubasetyhini abasetyhini abanokufumana isifo sesibindi sobumba, umonakalo wentliziyo kunye nokulimala kwengqondo kunamadoda.
Ezinye iziphumo zoTywala lweMetabolism
Isisindo somzimba - Ukusetyenziswa kotywala akubakho ukunyusa ubunzima bomzimba, naphezu kwexabiso lekharori eliphezulu. Nangona utywala obuthatyathwe ngokunyanisekileyo abukhokelela ekuzuzeni ubunzima kumadoda okanye abafazi abanobuqili, uphando lubonile ukuba utywala obongezelelwe kwizidlo zabantu abangaphezu komzimba obangela ukunyuka komzimba.
I-Hormones yoSondo - Kwamadoda , ukuxiliswa kwesiselo sotywala kubangele ukulimala kwamangqina kunye nokuphazamisa ukuveliswa kwe testosterone kunye nokuveliswa kwesidoda. Ukulahleka kwe-testosterone esele ixesha elide kunokuba negalelo ekusebenziseni amabhinqa kumadoda, umzekelo, ukukhulisa isifuba.
Kubasetyhini, utywala obunxilisayo lunokubangela ukwandiswa kwemveliso ye-estradiol kunye nokunciphisa i-estradiol metabolism, okubangele amanqanaba okwanda. I-Estradiol inegalelo lokunyusa uxinzelelo lweethambo kunye nomngcipheko we-coronary disease.
Ulwaphulo - Utywala lwexilongo luchaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwemithi yamachiza amaninzi, ukwandisa umsebenzi wabanye kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwabanye.
Ukuphuza okuninzi okungapheliyo kufunyenwe ukuba kusebenze i-CYP2E1 enzyme engayitshintsha i-acetaminophen ibe yikhemikhali enobungozi engabangela ukulimala kwesibindi nangona kuthathwa ngamayeza aqhelekileyo.
I-Metabolism Based Based Treatment of Alcoholism
I-National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism yophando ngemali iyaqhubeka ihlolisisa indlela ukuhluka kweendlela umzimba otywala ngayo utywala kubangela ukuba abanye abantu baphuze ngaphezu kwabanye kwaye kutheni abanye beba neengxaki zempilo ezinzulu.
Abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba umzimba uphula njani kwaye uphelise utywala kunokubamba ingundoqo ekuchazeni ukungafani kunye nophando oluqhubekayo lunokunceda ekuphuhliseni unyango olusisiseko sabantu abaphuzayo abasengozini yokuphuhlisa iingxaki ezinxilisayo.
Imithombo:
ISizwe lesiZwe malunga nokuTywala kotywala nokuNxila. "Utywala lweMetabolism." Utywala Ukwazisa ngoJanuwari 1997
ISizwe lesiZwe malunga nokuTywala kotywala nokuNxila. "Utywala lweMetabolism: Uhlaziyo." Utywala luyazisola ngoJulayi 2007
ISizwe lesiZwe malunga nokuTywala kotywala nokuNxila. "Imfuza ye-alcohol metabolism: indima yotywala ye-dehydrogenase kunye ne-aldehyde dehydrogenase". Ushicilelo olufikeleleka ngo-2015