Iimfuno ezingakanani ezinokuthi zithinte ubuntu
Isazi seengqondo saseMerika uHenry Murray (1893-1988) saphuhlisa imfundiso yobuntu ehlelwe ngokweenjongo, iifowuni kunye neemfuno. U Murray uchaza iimfuno "njengokuba unokuzikhethela okanye ukulungele ukuphendula ngendlela ethile phantsi kweemeko ezithile ezithile" (1938).
Iingcamango zobuntu ezisekelwe kwiimfuno kunye neenjongo zibonisa ukuba ubuqu bethu bubonakalisa iimpawu ezilawulwa zizidingo.
Ngelixa ezinye iimfuno zisesigxina kwaye zitshintsha, ezinye iimfuno zihlala zihleli kakhulu kwiimeko zethu. Ngokutsho kukaMurray, ezi zengqondo zifuna ukusebenza kakhulu kwizinga elingenalwazi kodwa zidlala indima enkulu ebuntwini bethu.
Iimpawu zeeMfuno zikaMurray
Iimfuno ezichaziweyo zikaMurray njengenye yeentlobo ezimbini:
- Izidingo zaseprayimari: Izidingo zaseprayimari iimfuno ezisisiseko ezisekelwe kwiimfuno ze-biological, ezifana nesidingo se-oksijini, ukutya kunye namanzi.
- Izidingo zamabanga aphakamileyo: Iimfuno zesibini eziqhelekileyo zengqondo, ezifana nesidingo sokondla, ukuzimela, nokuphumelela. Nangona ezi zidingo zingenakubaluleka ekusindisweni okuyisiseko, zibalulekile ekusempilweni kwengqondo.
Uluhlu lwezidingo zeengqondo
Olu lulandelayo luluhlu oluthile lweemfuno ezingama-24 ezichongiwe nguMurray kunye nabalingane bakhe. NgokukaMurray, bonke abantu banalo mfuno, kodwa ngamnye umntu uhlala enomgangatho othile wesidingo ngasinye. Iinqanaba ezahlukeneyo zomntu ngamnye lidlala indima ekubunzeni ubuntu bakhe.
Iimfuno Zomfuno
Izidingo zobungxowankulu zihambelana nesidingo sokufezekiswa nokuqatshelwa. Isidingo sokuphumelela sivame ukubonakaliswa ngokuphumelela, ukufezekisa iinjongo kunye nokulwa nemingcipheko. Isidingo sokwamukelwa sidibana nokufumana isimo sezenhlalakahle nokubonisa impumelelo. Ngamanye amaxesha iinjongo zifuna nokuba zibandakanye isidingo semiboniso, okanye umnqweno wokutshwankqisa kunye nabanye abantu.
Izidingo zezinto eziphathekayo
Iimfuno eziphathekayo eziphathekayo ezibonakalayo ekufuneni, ukwakhiwa, umyalelo, nokugcinwa. Ezi zihlandlo ziquka ukufumana izinto, njengokuthenga izinto eziphathekayo esizifunayo. Kwamanye amaxesha, ezi zidingo ziphothuzela ukuba senze izinto ezintsha. Ukufumana nokudala izinto ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezidingo eziphathekayo, kodwa ukugcina izinto nokuzicwangcisa kubalulekile.
Izidingo zamandla
Amandla adinga ukuhlala kwindawo yokuzimela kunye nesidingo sokulawula abanye. U-Murray wayekholelwa ukuba ukuzimela kwakuyimfuneko enamandla ebandakanya umnqweno wokuzimela nokuzimela. Ezinye izidingo zamandla eziphambili azibandakanya ukuxhaswa (ukuvuma nokuxolisa), ulwaphulo (ukuhlaselwa okanye ukuhlekisa abanye), ukugxeka ukuphepha (ukulandela imithetho nokugwema ityala), ukuchasana (ukuthobela nokusebenzisana nabanye), nokulawula (ukulawula abanye).
Iimfuno zokuthandana
Iimfuno zothando zijoliswe kumnqweno wethu wokuthandana nokuthandwa. Sinesidingo sokubambisana kwaye sifuna inkampani yabanye abantu. U-Uurturance, okanye ukunyamekela abanye abantu, kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-intlalo yengqondo. Isidingo sokuxhaswa kubandakanya ukuncedwa okanye ukukhuselwa ngabanye. U Murray uphakamise ukuba umdlalo kunye nokuzonwabisa nabanye abantu kwakuyimfuneko ebalulekileyo yothando.
Nangona ininzi yothando ifuna isikhungo sokwakha ubudlelwane kunye nokudibanisa, uMraray waqaphela ukuba ukuchaswa nakho kunokufuna. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuguqula abantu kude kuyimfuneko ebalulekileyo yokugcinwa kakuhle kwengqondo. Ubudlelwane obubi bungaba yingozi enkulu kwintlalo yoluntu, ngoko ngamanye amaxesha ukwazi ixesha lokuhamba kude kunokubaluleka.
Iimfuno Zolwazi
Ulwazi lufuna isikhungo malunga nokufumana ulwazi kunye nolwabelana nabanye. NgokukaMurray, abantu banesidingo sangasese sokufunda ngakumbi ngehlabathi elibajikelezile. Wayebhekiselele ekuqaphelisweni njengoko imfuno zifuna ulwazi kwaye zibuze imibuzo.
Ukongezelela ekufumaneni ulwazi, wayekholelwa ukuba abantu banesidingo sento awayebhekisela kuyo njengento yokubonisa, okanye umnqweno wokuba babelane nabanye ngezinto abazifundele kwabanye abantu.
Iimpembelelo kwiimfuno zeengqondo
Imfuno nganye ibalulekile kwaye yodwa, kodwa uMurray wayekholelwa ukuba iimfuno zingadibaniswa, zinokuxhasa ezinye iimfuno, kwaye ziyakwazi ukuphikisana nezinye iimfuno. Ngokomzekelo, imfuneko yokulawula ingaphikisana nomfuno wokubambisana xa ukuziphatha ngokugqithiseleyo kuqhuba abahlobo, iintsapho kunye nabalingani bomtshato. U Murray wayekholelwa ukuba izinto zokusingqongileyo zidlala indima kwindlela ezi zidingo ze-psychogenic zibonakalisa ngayo ukuziphatha. UMurray wabiza le mimandla "yongqongqo."
Uphando ngeeNgxaki ze-Psychogenic
Ezinye izazi zengqondo ziye zathobela iimfuno zika-Murray ze-psychogenic ukufuna uphando olunzulu. Ngokomzekelo, uphando malunga neemfuno zokuphumelela uye wabonisa ukuba abantu abanesidingo esiphambili sokuphumelela bavame ukukhetha imisebenzi enzima. Izifundo malunga nesidingo sokubambisana ziye zafumanisa ukuba abantu abaphakamisa phezulu kwiimfuno zokubambisana badla ukuba namaqela amaninzi asekuhlaleni, bachithe ixesha elithile ekusebenzisaneni nentlalontle, kwaye banokuthi banelisekile xa bejongene noqhagamshelwano oluncinane loluntu.
> Umthombo:
> Flett GL. Imfundiso yoBuntu kunye noPhando: i-Perspective International . Mississauga, Ont: .: J. Wiley kunye noonyana baseCanada; 2008.