Isidakamizwa esinomlutha kakhulu, i-methamphetamine ibonakala njengobomvu obomhlophe, obunangcolileyo, obukristalline. Nangona unempembelelo efana neyomzali wayo i-amphetamine, i-meth inamandla ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba ixabiso elikhulu le-methamphetamine lenza ukuba ingqondo. I-Meth ihlala ixesha elide kune-amphetamine yaye inokuvelisa iziphumo ezinobungozi.
Yiyiphi i-Scope yeMethamphetamine Abuse ku-US?
Nangona ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-methamphetamine kwanda kwimimandla embalwa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-meth jikelele kuye kwehla kwiminyaka eyi-10 edluleyo.
Kukho uphando oluninzi oluxhaswe ngu rhu lumente olulinganisela ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kunyaka kunye nonyaka odlulileyo eUnited States. Zonke ezi uphando zibonise ukwehla ngokuthe tye kwi-methamphetamine kwishumi elidlulileyo.
Ingxelo kaZwelonke ka-2012 yokuSebenzisa iMichiza kunye neMpilo (i-NSDUH) iqikelele i-1.2 million yabasebenzisi beemeth kunyaka odlulileyo kunye ne-440,000 ngenyanga edlulileyo. Ngokuthelekiswa, uphando olufanayo lucatshulwa ngabasebenzisi abangama-731,000 bexesha elidlulileyo ngenyanga ka-2006. I-NSDUH ngo-2012 yabonisa abasebenzisi abathathu be-methamphetamine (abafana no-2011) abaneminyaka engama-19.7.
I-2012 yokubeka iliso kwixesha elizayo (MTF) liqikelelwe ukusebenzisa i-methamphetamine kuphela nge-1% ye-8, ye-10 ne-12 ye-graders kunyaka owedlule. Le nombolo inqabile kakhulu ukususela ngo-1999 xa i-meth yongezwa kuqala kwi-survey yintsholongwane yesizwe.
Uvavanyo lwe-Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) lwee-adware ezihambelana neziyobisi ezinxulumene neziyobisi zibonise ukuba i-methamphetamine ibingenelele ngo-103 000 u-ED ngo-2011, ukusuka kwi-132,576 ngo-2004. I-Meth yayisisine sesicatshulwa esingekho mthethweni ngexesha lokundwendwela kwi-cocaine, i-marijuana heroin.
I-2011 Treatment Patch Data Set (i-TEDS) yabonisa ukuba ukwamkelwa kweziyobisi zonke kwi-methamphetamine kwehla ku-8.1% ngo-2005 ukuya ku-5.6% ngo-2011. Kuzo zonke izigulane zokungenwa kweyeza, ama-53% ayengamadoda kwaye ama-68% ayengabanikazi be-Hispanic.
Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iindawo zaseNtshona nakumaMidwest, ukusetyenziswa kwe-meth akuyeki. Ngesiqingatha sokuqala sika-2012, i-meth yayisetyenziswe kuqala kwizonyango ezihambelana neziyobisi eHawaii naseSan Diego, okwesibini eSan Francisco kunye nesithathu kwiDenver nasePhoenix, ngokweSiko leSizwe kwiNkcazo yeSizwe yoLwaphulo loLwaphulo-mthetho lwe-Community Epidemiology Work Group.
I-Methamphetamine isetyenziswa njani?
I-Methamphetamine ingasetyenziselwa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kuba iveliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Indlela esetyenziswa ngayo ingaxhomekeka kwiyiphi indawo yelizwe okhoyo. Ingasenokutshaya, iphoswe, ifakwe okanye ifakwe. Ngokutsho kweNational Institute of Drug Abuse, ukutshaya okwangoku kuyindlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenzisa i-meth.
Ziziphi Iimiphumo ezimfutshane zeMethamphetamine Abuse?
I-Methamphetamine yinto evuselela amandla enokunyusa umsebenzi wokwenyama nokuvusa nokunciphisa isondlo, kwimiqathango encinci. Abahlukumezi be-Meth banokukwazi ukufumana isantya senhliziyo esiphuthumayo, intliziyo engapheliyo kunye negazi eliphezulu.
Ukuba umntu ogqithiseleyo kwi-methamphetamine, unokufumana ukufudumala komzimba kunye nokudibanisa. Ukuba ishiywe ingaphathwa, le miphumo ingabangela ukufa.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba i-methamphetamine, njengeminye imichiza yokusetyenziswa kakubi , ivelisa iziphumo zayo ngokubangela amanqanaba aphakamileyo e- neurotransmitter dopamine ukuba ikhutshwe engqondweni. I-Meth ibangela ukuba i-dopamine eninzi ikhutshwe i-dopamine ukuba inokubangela ukuba iziphumo ezinobungozi zeziyobisi ziphezu kweentsholongwane ezingqondweni.
Ngokutsho kweNational Institute of Drug Abuse, ezi zilandelayo ziphumo zemizuzu emfutshane abasebenzisi abanokufumana:
- Ukuqwalaselwa okwandisiweyo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhathala
- Ukwandisa umsebenzi nokuvuka
- Ukunciphisa ukutya
- Euphoria nokukhawuleza
- Ukuphefumula okunyukayo
- Ukukhawuleza kwentliziyo / okungaqhelekanga
- Hyperthermia
Ziziphi iimpembelelo zexesha elide leMethamphetamine Abuse?
Ukuthelekiswa nezinye iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, i-methamphetamine inokuvelisa ezinye iziphumo zempilo ezide ezingapheliyo. Ngamanye amachiza, kuquka utywala, xa umntu eyeka ukusebenzisa iziyobisi, umonakalo wokusetyenziswa kakubi kuqaliswa ukuguqula ngokwawo kwaye umsebenzisi uqala ukubuyisela. Akunjalo nakweminye yemiphumo yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-methamphetamine.
I-Methamphetamine ihluke njani kwiCocaine?
I-Methamphetamine kunye ne-cocaine ineempembelelo ezifanayo zokuziphatha nezomzimba, kukho ukungafani okukhulu kwindlela abasebenza ngayo emzimbeni.
I-Cocaine isondele ngokupheleleyo kwaye isuswe emzimbeni. I-Methamphetamine, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlala emzimbeni ingatshintshi ixesha elide. Ngako oko, ihlala ingqondweni engaphezulu, ivelise imiphumo emininzi.
Bobabini i-methamphetamine kunye ne- cocaine kwandisa amanqanaba e-dopamine ebuchosheni, kodwa iziphumo ziye zafumanisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-meth kukhokelela kumanqanaba aphakamileyo kakhulu e-dopamine kune-cocaine kuba iiseli zesisombululo ziphendula ngokungafaniyo kumachiza amabini.
Bobabini i-cocaine kunye ne- methamphetamine zandisa iintshukumo ze-dopamine kwingqondo ngokuthintela ukubuyiswa kwayo kwakhona ngamaseli athile omzimba. Kodwa, ikhusela kuphela ukubuyisela kwakhona kwixabiso eliphantsi. Kananjalo kwandisa ukukhululwa kwe-dopamine, ekhokelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kakhulu kwiqondo eliphakathi kwe-neurons. Oku kungonakalisa iziphazamiso zesigulane.
Ngaba i-Methamphetamine Abusers Abusers ingozi kwi-contracting HIV / AIDS?
Ewe, abasebenzisi be-methamphetamine basengozini enkulu yokuthengisa kunye nokuthumela izifo ezithathelwanayo kwaye loo mngcipheko awukhawulelwanga kubasebenzisi abangenayo.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, abasebenzisi beziyobisi beziyobisi banomngcipheko ophezulu we-HIV kunye ne-hepatitis B no-C ikakhulu ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwabo kunye nokwabelana kweenaliti ezingcolileyo kunye nezinye izinto. Kodwa, nabasebenzisi abatshitshisiyo okanye abancinci bangakwazi ukubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okungaphephile, njengobunqunu obukhuselekanga, kuba isigwebo sabo kunye nesithintelo sichaphazelekayo.
Izithintelo zoSondo ezingozi
Ngokutsho kweZiko leSizwe malunga noPhando loLwaphulo-mthetho lweMithi, i-methamphetamine yandisa i-libido yobini ngokwesini kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabantu besini. Ngako oko, i-meth idibaniswa nokuziphatha kakubi kwezesondo ngaphezu kwezinye iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni.
Nangona kunjalo, uphando lubonisa ukuba umngcipheko omkhulu wokutheleleka ngoGawulayo ngowona mkhulu kubasebenzisi besilisa abalala ngesondo nabanye abantu.
Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwexesha lokuqala kwandisa i-libido yamadoda, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwexesha elide le-methamphetamine kunokuchaphazela kakubi umsebenzi wesini wesini, uphando lubonisa.
Ukuqhubela phambili kweHIV
Kukho olunye uphando olubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-methamphetamine kwandisa ukuphindaphinda kwintsholongwane kaGawulayo, ukukhawulezisa ukuqhubela phambili kunye nemiphumo. Ngenxa yokuba abasebenzisi be-meth abanamathuba amaninzi okunamathela kwiinkqubo zabo zonyango, izigulane ze-HIV ezisetyenziselwa i-methamphetamine nabasebenzisi abasebenzisa unyango olukhuselekileyo lwe-antiretroviral (HAART) banakho ukuphucula i-AIDS kunabasebenzisi abangabasebenzisi.
Olunye uphando lufumene ukuba abahlukumezi abane-HIV banokufumana ukulimala kakhulu kwe-neuronal kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, xa kuthelekiswa nezigulane ezingasebenzisi imeth.
Ngethamsanqa, uphando lwe-NIDA lubonisa ukuba ukuphathwa kakubi kweziyobisi, ukuthintela kunye neenkqubo zokufikelela kuluntu kunokunciphisa ukuziphatha komngcipheko we-HIV wabantu abahlukumezayo.
Ziziphi iindlela zokwelapha eziphumelelayo kwi-Methamphetamine Abusers?
Iindlela zokuziphatha, ezinjengokungenelela kokulawulwa kwengqondo nokuziphatha, njengamanje unyango olungcono lwe-methamphetamine.
Ngokutsho kweNational Institute of Drug Abuse, i-week-long approach of treatment treatments known as the Matrix Model ifumaneke ngempumelelo ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-methamphetamine. Idibanisa unyango wokuziphatha, imfundo yentsapho, ukucebisa, ukuxhasa inkxaso-12, ukuhlolwa kweziyobisi kunye nokukhuthazwa kwemisebenzi enxulumene neziyobisi.
Iiprogram zonyango ezisekelwe kukhuthazo ziye zafunyanwa zisebenzayo ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-methamphetamine. Ukungenelela kokulawulwa kwe-Contingency , umzekelo, ukubonelela ngeengcebiso ezibonakalayo zokugcina ukuzinqanda nokuqhubeka unyango.
Iimvuselelo ezikhuthazayo zokuphucula ukuPhathwa kakubi kweziyobisi kakubi (i-MIEDAR), yindlela enye ekhuthazayo ebonakaliswe ngempumelelo kwiNational Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network.
LweMithi yoPhilo
Kukho iimichiza ezivunyiweyo ezingancedisa abantu ukuba bayeke ukusebenzisa utywala , i- cocaine , ne- heroin , kodwa ngoku, akukho zonyango zokwelapha ezivunyelwe ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-methamphetamine. Uphando luqhutyelwa kwonyango oluthembisayo lokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweemeth nokulondoloza ukuzila, kodwa okwangoku akukho nto ivunyiwe.
Imithombo:
Isizwe seSizwe sokuLawulwa kweziyobisi. "Methamphetamine." Uchungechunge lweeNgxelo zoPhando olwenziwa ngo- Septemba 2013
Ubambiswano kwiDrugFree.org. "Methamphetamine." Isikhokelo seziyobisi .
Ngaba Ndiyakwazi Ukufumana Ukuba I-Lab Lab Yakhe Ihlala KwiNdlu Ndiyithenga?
I-Arhente ye-Drug Enforcement Agency yase-United States iqulethe uluhlu ngeemeko zamatyala apho ukuthotyelwa komthetho kufumene ubungqina bemveliso ye-methamphetamine okanye ukulahla. Uluhlu aluboneli ngcaciso malunga nokuba isayithi ihlambulukile. Abanikazi kufuneka baqhagamshelane namapolisa asekuhlaleni okanye amagosa ezempilo ukuze baqinisekise ukuba isakhiwo sasihlambulukile. A
Ngubani Umsebenzisi weMeth ye-Adolescent?
Umsebenzisi "oqhelekileyo" we-methamphetamine mhlawumbi akahlangabezane neprofayile onokuyilindela. Ngokwe-Pride Surveys, umsebenzisi osemtsha we-meth ngumntu oneminyaka eli-17 ubudala omhlophe ohlala kunye nabazali bobabini, oqala ukuzama u-meth kwi-12,6 ubudala, unobuncinane esikolweni kwaye akacingi ukuba le nkunkuma inobungozi kwimpilo yakhe .
Bobabini abazali be-typical meth baqeshwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye baninzi baphumelele esikolweni esiphakeme kwaye baya kwiikholeji. Ngokutsho kwabasebenzisi abangama-3 000 abahlolisisiweyo, i-33.4% yathi abazali abayikufumana into engalunganga kuba basebenzise inambuzane kunye neepesenti ezingama-30.4 bathi abazali babo abayi kukhanyela ukuba basebenzise ezinye iziyobisi.
Ngaphambi konyaka wesikolo ka-2005-2006, i-Pride Surveys ifumene iimpendulo eziyi-101,141 kumbuzo wemibuzo engaziwa ngamabanga amabakala 6-12. Kulabo baphendulayo, iipesenti ezi-3.1 zithe zasebenzisa i-meth ubuncinane kanye ngonyaka kunyaka odlulileyo kunye neepesenti ezi-2 zithi zizisebenzise ngenyanga.
Abasebenzisi abasebenzisa iziyobisi ezinzima
Ngokwe-Report Prive Surveys ingxelo, ezinye iinkalo eziphambili zoluphando luka-2006 ziquka:
- Ingaphezulu kwesigamu (iipesenti ezingama-51.1) ifumana i-meth ukuba "kulula kakhulu" ukuyifumana. Enye i-12.5% yathi "kulula."
- Abasebenzisi beemveliso zeqela labafundi bakha iqela elinzima labasebenzisi beziyobisi abanama-74.7 ekhulwini abalisa ukusetyenziswa kwenyanga kwenyanga, xa kuthelekiswa ne-8.2 ekhulwini phakathi kwabanye abafundi.
- Abesithathu-yesine abasebenzisi be-meth abafundi (iipesenti ezingama-77.3) bathi abahlobo babo basebenzisa i-mariju ngamanye amaxesha, okanye ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha (51.9%).
- Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kwansuku zonke kwaxelwa ngamaphesenti angama-52.9 wabasebenzisi beemeth, xa kuthelekiswa nama-6 ekhulwini kubo bonke abanye abafundi.
- Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kwansuku zonke kwabikwa ngamaphesenti angama-39,5, xa kuthelekiswa ne-1.1 ekhulwini phakathi kwabangewona abasebenzisi.
Ukuhlukana kweminyaka yabasebenzisi beemeth kwaba: iminyaka engama-19+ (iipesenti ezingama-6.4); Iminyaka eyi-18 (iipesenti ezili-9); Iminyaka eyi-17 (iipesenti ezingama-18.1); Iminyaka eyi-16 (iipesenti ezili-16); Iminyaka eyi-15 (i-15,9 ekhulwini); Iminyaka eyi-14 (iipesenti ezili-13); Iminyaka eyi-13 (iipesenti ezili-10); Iminyaka eyi-12 (iipesenti ezi-6.1); Iminyaka eyi-11 (i-2.8 pesenti); 10 nangaphantsi kweminyaka (iipesenti ezi-2.6).