Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweCocaine kunye nomlutha kuyaqhubeka kuba yingxaki ephazamisa iUnited States. I-Cocaine yiphilisi enomlutha kakhulu, okwangoku iSheduli II. I-Cocaine ihlelwe njengento ekhuthazayo.
Njengezinto ezininzi ezikhuthaza, i-cocaine inokuphakamisa umsebenzi emzimbeni, kubandakanywa izinga lentliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, ukuphaphama, namandla. Ifom eqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo yilisi yiphunga elimhlophe elitholakala kumagqabi esityalo se-Erythroxylon Coca, esetyenziswe eMzantsi Melika ngamakhulu eminyaka.
Okokuqala kwaziswa e-United States kwiminyaka ye-1880 njenge-antiesthetic yokuhlinzwa, i-cocaine yaqalisa ukusetyenziswa njengesiqhelo sekhaya, kunye nesithako se-Coca-Cola kunye nezinye iziphuzo. Kwahlulwa njengesicwangcisi seShedyuli ngo-1970.
1 - Yintoni iCocaine?
I-Cocaine ingenye yezinto ezindala kakhulu eziyaziwayo. Amaqabunga e-Erythroxylon coca bush aye ahlakulwa aze agonywe ngamawaka eminyaka. I-Cocaine hydrochloride, ikhemikhali ehlanjulweyo ekhishwe kwisityalo iye yaxhaphazwa iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100.
Ekuqaleni kwee-1900, i-cocaine yayisisithako esisebenzayo kwiintlobo ezininzi kunye ne-elixirs ezithengiswa ngelo xesha ukunyanga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nezifo. Yayisisithako kwindlela yokuqala yokusela isiphuzo seCoca-Cola.
Ukuphakama kwesiqhamo sonyango kwafika kuma-1980s nangama-1990 xa kwaziwa ngamagama afana ne- Movie Star Drug neCalifornia Cornflakes.
I-Cocaine yinto evuselela kakhulu umlutha echaphazela ngqo ingqondo. Yisizaziso seShedyuli II esinokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, kodwa sinokulawulwa kunye neenjongo zezonyango ezisemthethweni, ezifana ne-anesthetic yendawo.
Nangona kunjalo, i-cocaine ithengiswa kakhulu kwisitrato ngokungekho mthethweni njengepowder emhlophe . Amaxesha amaninzi ixutywe kunye nezinye izinto ezinjenge-Cornstarch, ipalt powder okanye ushukela ukunyusa ubungcwele bayo. Maxa wambi uxutywa kunye ne- amphetamine okanye i- heroin kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi "speedball".
I-Cocaine ibuye ithengiswe kwisitrato kwifom eyaziwa ngokuba yi-crack cocaine. Ifom yohlobo lwe cocaine lucwangciswa nge-ammonia okanye i-baking soda kunye namanzi aze atshise ukususa i-hydrochloride ukuvelisa inguqu echanekileyo yeziyobisi.
Igama elithi "uqhekeko" libhekiselele kwisandi esiqhekezayo into eyenziwa xa itshayelwa.
2 - Yintoni eyenza uCocaine?
Xa i-cocaine hydrochloride ephucukileyo iqhutshwa ibe yintsimbi echanekileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-freebase, okanye ngokwemigca yesitalato, i-cocaine. Igama elithi "uqhekeko" ngokwenene libhekisela kwisandi esiqhekezayo ifom ye-freebase yenziza xa itshisa.
Ukusebenzisa i-ammonia okanye i-bicarbonate ye-sodium (i-baking soda) kunye namanzi, i-cocaine enomphunga iyafudumala ukususa i-hydrochloride. Oku kuvelisa i-freebase, okanye ifomu echanekileyo yeziyobisi.
Xa abasebenzisi bashunqisa i-cockine cockine amava aphakamileyo ngokukhawuleza (ngokuqhelekileyo imizuzwana engaphantsi kwe-10). Ngenxa yokuba iphakamileyo ihamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye iqhutywe kwaye ngenxa yokuqhekeka kungabizi kakhulu ukuvelisa nokuthenga kwisitrato, isicatshulwa sathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwawo-1980.
Ukukhawuleza okukhawulezayo kunye nokukhawuleza kokukhawuleza emva kokukhawuleza kokuqala, kusona sizathu sokuthi i-cocaine ixakeke kakhulu.
I-3 - Iyiphi Intlobo yeCocaine esebenzisa e-United States?
Inani labasebenzisi be-cocaine langoku liye lancipha ngokukhawuleza ukususela ngee-1980 kwaye ukuhla kwehla kuye kwaqhubeka kwi-21 Century. Ngokwe-National Survey of Use and Health (NSDUH), ngo-2012 bekukho abasebenzisi be-cocaine abayi-1.6 abaneminyaka eli-12 okanye ngaphezulu, okanye malunga ne-0.6% yabemi.
Lelo nani lifana nezinga le-2011 (1.4 yezigidi kunye ne-0.5%) kodwa liphantsi kakhulu kunabasebenzisi be-cocaine bangoku phakathi kuka-2003 no-2007 (abasebenzisi abayizigidi ezi-2.4 okanye i-1.0%).
Nangona inani elona likhulu labasebenzisi be-cocaine banabantu abadala phakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 no-25, ukususela ngo-2005 ukuya ku-2012 inani labasebenzisi abasebenzayo kuloo bhadi lobudala liye lisuka kwi-2.6% ukuya kwi-1.1% kuphela.
Ukongezelela, inani labasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-cocaine liyancipha. Inani labantu abaqalise ukusetyenziswa kwe-cocaine okokuqala ngethuba lonyaka odlulileyo liye laphuma kwi-1.0 yezigidi ngo-2002 ukuya kuma-639,000 ngo-2012.
Ngokufanayo, uphando lweeNkcazo zexesha elizayo, oluphonononga abafundi be-8th, 10 ne-12 bonyaka, lubonise ukuhla kwexesha elidlulileyo ekusebenziseni i-cocaine yenyanga ngabafundi abavela kwinqanaba le-1990 ukuya ku-2013.
4 - I-Cocaine isetyenziswa njani?
I-Cocaine ingathathwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: ngomlomo, intranasal, intravenous, kunye ne-inhalation. Okanye, njengoko ezi ndlela ziyaziwa kwisitrato, "ukuhlafuna," "ukukhwaza," "ukulungiswa," "ukujoya," kunye "nokutshaya."
Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwonyango oluvunyiweyo, akukho ndlela ekhuselekileyo yokusebenzisa i-cocaine nayiphi na ifomu. Zonke iindlela ezilandelayo zokusebenzisa iziyobisi zingakhokelela ekumanyeni kwamaqondo enobuthi be-cocaine, mhlawumbi i-cardiovascular circulars okanye i-cerebrovascular urgences, kunye nokuxhatshazwa, ngokutsho kweNational Institute of Drug Abuse. Naliphi na le nto kunokukhokelela ekufeni ngokukhawuleza.
Ukuphosa
Ulawulo lwe-intranasal lugxotha, inkqubo yokutywala i-cocaine ephuhliweyo ngamakha. Iyakwazi ukuxutywa kwiimbophu ezinamaqabunga kwaye zixutywe kwigazi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa umsebenzisi ehambisa i-cocaine, isicatshulwa sibekwa kwindawo esicacileyo njengesibuko kwaye sihlukaniswe "emigqeni" ngesalathisi okanye kwikhadi lekhredithi, ngoko imigca iyachithwa ngotshani okanye i-bill-up-bill. Kwiminyaka yee-1980 kwakucingwa njengama-gauche kwezinye iindidi ukuze zenze i-cocaine nayiphi na into ngaphandle kwe-bill ye-$ 100.
Injecting
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-intravenous okanye ukujova xa kusetyenziswe inaliti ye-hypodermic ukufaka i-cocaine ngqo kwigazi, okwandisa ubungakanani bemiphumo.
Ngenxa yokuba i-cocaine ye-powder iyinqobo ye-cocaine i-hydrochloride, ityuwa (i-HCL) yenza i-soluble emanzini ukuze ijojowe. Iingxaki ziyakwenzeka xa i- cocaine ethengiweyo kwisitrato ifakwe izinto ezingaziwayo ezingazinzi lula.
Ukutshaya
Ukucola i-cocaine kuququzelela ukuxuba umsi okanye i-cocaine umphunga emiphakeni apho ukuxhatshazwa kwawo kwigazi kungakhokelela ngokukhawuleza njengokungenwa kwegazi. Oku kuvelisa umphumo osondeleyo kunye nomoya osisigxina esona sesinye sezizathu zokubhema i-cockine cocaine yanda kakhulu kwi-1980.
Indlela yokuSebenza ichaphazela iziphumo
Xa i-cocaine ichithwa, imiphumo yayo iqala emva kwemizuzu embalwa ize iphele phakathi kwemizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwe-30 kuxhomekeke kubukhulu besilinganiso kunye nokunyamezela komsebenzisi. I dosi enkulu iya kuhlala ixesha elide, kodwa njengoko umsebenzisi eyakha ukunyamezela kwesi sidakamizwa, kuthatha amanani amakhulu kunye namakhulu ukuphumeza umphumo ofanayo.
Xa i-cocaine ishushu, imiphumo yesilwanyana iqala ngokukhawuleza kwaye ingqongqo, kodwa isiphumo "sithwala" ngokukhawuleza - mhlawumbi emihlanu okanye imizuzu eyi-10. Esi sizathu esinye sokuthi i-cocaine iyayilumkisa, abasebenzisi bavame ukutshaya ngaphezulu nangaphezulu ukuze bazame ukuphindaphinda ukuvakalelwa kweyokuqala, ephakamileyo.
Xa i-cocaine ifakwe kwisiphumo ngokukhawuleza nangakumbi. Ngenxa yempembelelo enzulu kunye ngokukhawuleza yokubhema kunye ne-cocaine engenayo, le ndlela yokusetyenziswa ithathwa njengengozi kakhulu ngenxa yokubakho umlutha kunye nokwenzeka kokugqithisa.
5 - I-Cocaine ivelise njani iimpembelelo zayo?
Iminyaka emininzi yophando lwezenzululwazi kuye kwafuneka ukuba kufikelelwe ngokucacileyo ukuba i-cocaine ithinta njani ingqondo ukuba ivelise iimiphumo zayo ezimnandi kunye nesizathu sokwenza umlutha.
Iingcali zenzululwazi zifumene imimandla yengqondo eyabonakala ikhuthazwa yizo zonke iintlobo-zokutya, isondo, kunye neziyobisi zokusetyenziswa gadalala. Enye yale mimandla ichaphazelekayo yi-cocaine yindawo yendawo ye-cocaine (VTA) kwi-midbrain.
Indlela osebenza ngayo ngengqondo, uphando lufumene, luyi-fibre ye-nerve kwi-VTA ekwandisa kwenye indawo kwingqondo ebizwa ngokuthi i-nucleus accumbens, indawo ebalulekileyo yengqondo echaphazelekayo emvuzo.
Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo weBrain kunye neDopamine
Imivuzo ikwandisa amanqanaba e-dopamine , iikhemikhali yengqondo okanye i-neurotransmitter, leyo eyenza ukwandisa umsebenzi we-neuralus accumbens. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, i-dopamine ikhutshwa yi-neuron kwi-gap encinci phakathi kwe-neurons (synapse) apho ibophelela kwiiprotheni ezikhethekileyo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-dopamine receptors, kwenye i-neuron, ukuthumela umqondiso kwi-neuron.
Emva kokuba isignali ithunyelwe, i-dopamine isuswa kwisithuba phakathi kwe-neurons kwaye iphinda isetyenziswe kwakhona kwixesha elizayo.
Inkqubo yoMvuzo
INzululwazi ifumene ukuba i-cocaine kunye nezinye iziyobisi kakubi zingaphazamisa inkqubo enxibelelwano eqhelekileyo kwingqondo. Ukusetyenziswa kweCocaine kuvimba ukususwa kwe-dopamine kwi-synapse ebangela ukuba uphawu "olwandisiweyo" luhanjiswe kwi-neurons efumanayo.
Esi sibonakaliso esibonakalisiweyo yintoni abasebenzisi be-cocaine abazibona njengobungqina bokuqala okanye phezulu.
Kodwa emva kokuphakama kokuqala, i-rebound ye-neurochemical eyenzeka kwingqondo eyenza umsebenzi wokuvuza uphonye ngaphantsi kwezinga eliqhelekileyo eliqhelekileyo. Xa i-cocaine isetyenziselwa kwakhona, inqanaba elifanayo lokuzonwabisa aluphumelelanga.
Oku kuvelisa ukunyamezela izilwanyana kumsebenzisi, oku kuthetha ukuba badinga ukunyuka kwamazinga okanye amaqondo amaninzi eengqondo ukuze bazame ukufezekisa inqanaba elifanayo lokuzonwabisa xa baqala ukusebenzisa. Lo mjikelo wokunyuka kwamayeza e-cocaine ukufumana okuphakamileyo okufanayo unokuvelisa umlutha .
Ukuqhubela phambili Kwemivuzo
Abasebenzisi beCocaine bahlakulela ukunyamezela "ukuphakama" abakufumana ngokusebenzisa iziyobisi, kodwa abavelanga ukunyamezela kwiqondo eliphantsi elivakalelwa emva kokuba iphakamileyo ikhulile. Ngenxa yoko, kunokuba aphendukele kwiimeko "eziqhelekileyo," zibuyela kwisimo esicacileyo se-dysphoria.
Ngoko ke, banda inani le-cocaine abayisebenzisayo ukuzama ukunciphisa loo ntliziyo ye-dysphoria kwaye uzame ukubuyela kweso sinzo sokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, baphela amava nangakumbi ngokugqithiseleyo njengoko ubuchopho buchaphazela kumjikelezo wokuxila kunye nokuhoxiswa.
Leyo ngongoma apho i-American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) ithi ukuphishekela umvuzo kubangelwa ukufunyanwa kwempilo kunye nokuvuza umvuzo kuya kuba nzima nangona ukuba "uphakamileyo" awusandulanga kwaye le nkunkuma ayinikezeli ukukhulula kwi-dysphoria.
Ukusebenzisa ixesha elide okanye elingapheliyo le-cocaine edlala ingozi kwinkqubo yomvuzo wengqondo yengqondo kuze kube yinto yokuba ukusebenzisa i-cocaine ayisayi kuba nemiphumo emihle yokuqala.
6 - Ziziphi iimpembelelo zexeshana zeCocaine?
Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuthatha i-cocaine, umsebenzisi uqala ukuva iimiphumo zalo, ingaba ithotshiwe, ifakwe okanye ifakwe. Nokuba amanani amancinci yeziyobisi angenza umsebenzisi azive ekhuselekileyo, enamandla, ekhulumayo, nangengqondo engqondweni.
Abasebenzisi babonisa ubuzwe obukhulu bokubona, isandi, kunye nokuthintela. Banokufumana nesidingo esinciphile sokutya okanye ukulala, ubuncinane okwethutyana.
Nangona abanye abasebenzisi be-cocaine bafumanisa ukuba ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa kubancedisa ukwenza imisebenzi elula yengqondo kunye nomzimba ngokukhawuleza, abanye abasebenzisi babika ukuba i-cocaine ineempembelelo ezichaseneyo.
Indlela ekusetyenziswa ngayo i-cocaine inokuchaphazela indlela umsebenzisi avakalelwa ngayo kunye nokuba ixesha elide lihlala lide kangakanani. Ngokomzekelo, ukucosa i-cocaine akuvelisi ngokuphakamileyo njengoko kutshaya, kodwa phezulu kuhlala ixesha elide. Umphakamo ophezulu ukusuka ungagcina imizuzu engama-15 ukuya kweyure-30, ngelixa ukuphakama kokukhwabanisa i-cocaine kunokuhlala kwimizuzu emi-5 ukuya kwe-10 kuphela.
Ngokukhawuleza le nkunkuma ifakwe kwigazi, ngokugqithiseleyo phezulu, kodwa okufutshane.
Imiphumo emfutshane yexesha le-cocaine ingabandakanya:
- Imida yegazi
- Abafundi abahluthayo
- Ukwanda kweqondo lomzimba
- Ukongeza kwenani lentliziyo
- Ukunyuswa kwengcinezelo yegazi
Abasebenzisi abathatha imali eninzi ye-cocaine banganyusa ukuphakama kwabo kodwa banokuhlangabezana nokuziphatha okumangalisa, okungaqhelekanga kunye nobudlova. Ba no ku fumana:
- Ukugubha
- Vertigo
- Iimpawu zengxube
- Paranoia
- Ukungabi naso
- Ukutshatyalaliswa
- Ukuxhalabisa
Ngokutsho kweNational Institute of Drug Abuse, i-cocaine ephindaphindiweyo inokuvelisa indlela enobuthi efana ne-amphetamine yetyhefu.
Nangona kunqabile, ukufa ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka xa kusetshenziswe i-cocaine okanye kungalindelekanga emva kwexesha elithile. Ukufa kwe-Cocaine ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa kukubanjwa kwintliziyo okanye ukutshatyalaliswa okulandelwa kukubanjwa kokuphefumula.
Utywala landisa iingozi zeCocaine
Abanye abasebenzisi be-cocaine babika ukuba izidakamizwa zibenza bazive benamandla kunye nokuzithemba. Amaxesha amaninzi bacinga ukuba asebenza kumgangatho ophezulu kunokuba ayenjalo. Ngoko ke, ukuqhuba xa uqhuba i-cocaine kunokuba yingozi - ingakumbi ukuba uphuza.
Xa abaphuza benza i-cocaine banomdla wokusela ngaphezu kwexesha eliqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba abanaso iziphumo ezidakisayo zotywala ngenxa yeempawu zokukhuthaza i-cocaine. Nangona kunjalo, xa umonakalo we-cocaine uqala ukugqithisa, umnxila ushiywe kakhulu kunokuba waqonda, ukwandisa ingozi nje kuphela yengozi kodwa ukuhlanza, ukunciphisa ukuphefumula kunye nokulahlekelwa kwintliziyo.
Xa i-cocaine kunye notywala basetyenziswa kunye, badibaniswa esibindi ukuba benze i-cocaethylene, eyenza i-cocaine ifuthe. Kodwa, kwandisa ukwanda kwentliziyo kunye nomngcipheko wokufa ngokukhawuleza.
Izimpawu zokuLawula kwiCocaine
Njengoko umphumo we-cocaine uqala ukugqithisa, unako ukufumana iimpawu zokurhoxisa, kuquka ukucaphukisa, ukunyaniseka, ukungazinzi, ukukhathazeka, ukungazinzi, ukudandatheka okanye ukuphazamiseka.
Ngenxa yezi zimpawu ezingabonakaliyo zokurhoxisa, abaninzi abasebenzisi be-cocaine babika ubunzima "ekuhlaleni" kwiyeza. Abasebenzisi abaninzi babika ingcinezelo ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba iziphumo zonyango zigqitywe, ezo ezinye zikwazi ukuhlala iintsuku.
Ngenxa yoko, abanye abasebenzisi baya kuthatha i-cocaine engakumbi ukuphepha ukuxothwa okungathandekiyo-esinye isizathu sokuba i-cocaine ithathelwe ingqalelo kakhulu.
Ngaba ucinga ukuba ungadinga unyango lweziyobisi? Thatha i-Quiz Treatment Screening Quiz ukuze ufumane.
Bona ezinye iimpembelelo zempilo ze-cocaine.
7 - Ziziphi iimpembelelo zexesha elide lokusetyenziswa kweCocaine?
Enye yemiphumo eyingozi kakhulu yokusebenzisa i-cocaine yiimpawu zayo ezinomdla. Nangona emva kokusetyenziswa kwesinye sezidakamizwa, abasebenzisi abanako ukuthembeka ukukwazi ukuqikelela okanye ukulawula ukuba uza kuqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-cocaine okanye ufuna ukuyisebenzisa.
Xa umntu eba ngumlutha we-cocaine, ukuyeka ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda kuba nzima kakhulu, nangemva kwexesha elide lokuziyeka. Uphando lweZiko loLwaphulo lweziyobisi luye lwabonisa ukuba nangona emva kokungasebenzisi i-cocaine ixesha elide, ukuvezwa kwezinto ezibangelwa i-cocaine-okanye imemori ye-cocaine yamava adlulileyo-unokususa izifiso ezinkulu kunye nokubuyela kwakhona.
Xa abasebenzisi be-cocaine baqhubeka besisebenzisa iziyobisi, ubuchopho buqala ukutshintsha inkqubo yomvuzo. Ukunyamezela kwesi siza kuphuhliswa, oku kuthetha ukuba i-cocaine ephezulu okanye ephindaphindiweyo efunekayo ukuze kuveliswe amava aphezulu ekusebenziseni okokuqala.
Ngexesha elifanayo, abasebenzisi banokuvalela ngakumbi kwi-cocaine-producing-anxiety-producing, convulsant kunye nezinye iziphumo ezinobungozi.
Iingqondo zePhysics kunye nePhysiological Cocaine
Ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwe-cocaine binges, xa isilwanyana sisetyenziswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwizilingo eziphezulu kakhulu, umsebenzisi unokufaka ingozi kwimpembelelo yengqondo kunye nempilo, kuquka:
- Ukwenyuka kokunganiseki
- Ukungabi naso
- Ukuhlaselwa ngumsindo
- Iengqondo eziphefumlelweyo ngokupheleleyo ezibandakanya ukukhohliswa kwe-paranoid kunye neengcamango
Indlela esebenzisa ngayo i-cocaine ingabangela imiphumo embi. Ukunyuka kwe-cocaine kunokukhokelela eku:
- Ukulahlekelwa ngumqondo wokuvumba
- Iimbopho
- Iingxaki ziginya
- Ukuthuka
- Ukuthukutheliswa kwe-septum yangasese
- Iiphene ezingapheliyo, iingcambu zempuphu
Ingesting and Injecting Cocaine
Abasebenzisi abadlayo (ukuhlaziya) i-cocaine banokufumana isifo esibi kakhulu ngenxa yokunciphisa ukuhamba kwegazi.
Abo bafaka i-cocaine ngeesaliti bangahlakulela "iingoma" kwiindawo zabo zangaphambili kunye nezinye iindawo zokungenwa. Banokuthi bahlakulele iimpendulo ezivakalayo, zombini kwi- cocaine ngokwayo okanye kwizongezo ezisetyenziselwa ukusika izidakamizwa ngabadayisi bezitalato.
Ngokutsho kwe-NIDA, abaninzi abasebenzisi be-cocaine abangapheliyo banokuphelelwa ngumdla kwaye banamava amaninzi kwaye babonisa iimpawu zokungondleki.
Iimiphumo ezingaphezulu kwexesha elide leCocaine
Kukho ezinye igalelo elide lokusebenzisa i-cocaine ngexesha elide. Ezinye zazo ziquka:
- Intliziyo engavumelekanga, ukuhlaselwa yintliziyo, nokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo
- Iziganeko ze-neurological, kubandakanywa izibetho, ukuxhwala, kunye nokuqhwaba kwezicubu ezungeze ubuchopho
- Ukulala
- Ukungasebenzi kwezesondo
- I-perumated nasal nasum
- Umkhuhlane kwimiphunga, ukwanda kwe-asthma kunye nezinye izifo zemiphunga, kunye nokungaphumeleli kokuphefumula
- Ukwanda kwengozi yokulimala kabuhlungu
- Ubugwenxa, ubudlova, okanye ukuziphatha okubi
- Umngcipheko ophezulu we-hepatitis, usuleleko lwe-HIV, i-endocarditis, kunye neentsholongwane zesifo sengqondo (kubasebenzisi be-IV)
8 - Ziziphi iingxaki zezoNyango zeCocaine Abuse?
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cocaine kunokuvelisa ubunzima obukhulu kunye neengxaki ezinkulu zezokwelapha, ezona ziqhelekileyo ezichaphazelekayo zentliziyo, kuquka ukuphazamiseka kwintliziyo yesisu kunye nokuhlaselwa kwentliziyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kweCocaine kungenza iziphumo zokuphefumula njengentlungu yesifuba kunye nokungaphumeleli kokuphefumula; nemiphumo yengqondo, kuquka ukubetha, ukubetha, kunye nentloko; kunye neengxaki zesisu, kuquka ubuhlungu besisu kunye neentlanzi.
Ukusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwe-cocaine kuye kwadibaniswa kwiintlobo ezininzi zesifo senhliziyo. I-Cocaine ifunyenwe ukuba ibangele iincinci zentliziyo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-fibrillation ye-ventricular; ukukhawuleza intliziyo kunye nokuphefumla; kunye nokwandisa uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nobushushu bomzimba. Izimpawu zomzimba zingabandakanya ubuhlungu besifuba, isicathulo somsindo, isibonakaliso esibonakalayo, umkhuhlane, ukuxhaphazwa kwemisipha, ukuxubha kunye ne-coma.
Iimiphumo ezimbi zokunqanda iCocaine
Izindlela ezahlukileyo zokusebenzisa i-cocaine zingenza iziphumo ezimbi ezimbi. Ngokomzekelo, ukukhahlela i-cocaine, umzekelo, kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwentswelo yokuphofisa, i-nosebleeds, iingxaki ngokugwinya, ukuphazamiseka, kunye nefuthe elipheleleyo le-nasum ye-nasum, engakhokelela kwimpumlo engapheliyo.
Ukungena kwe-cocaine kungabangela isilonda esinzima, ngenxa yokunciphisa igazi. Kwaye, abantu abafake i-cocaine bafaka amanqaku kunye "neengoma," ngokuqhelekileyo kwiimphambili zabo.
Ingozi ye-Injection yeCocaine
Abasebenzisi abafake i-cocaine bangaphinda bafumane ukusabela okuthe ngqo, mhlawumbi kwiziyobisi okanye nakwezinye izongezo kwi-cocaine yesitrato, ezinokubangela, kwiimeko ezinzima, ekufeni. Ngenxa yokuba i-cocaine inomdla wokunciphisa ukutya, abaninzi abasebenzisi be-cocaine abangapheliyo banokuphelelwa ngumdla kwaye banokufumana ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo esikhulu kunye nokungondleki.
Ukusetyenziswa kwabasebenzisi be-cocaine (intravenous (IV) cocaine, kukho, ukwanda kwengozi ye-hepatitis, intsholongwane kaGawulayo kunye ne-endocarditis.
Izingozi zeCocaine kunye noTywala
Uphando lubonise ukusebenzisana okunobungozi phakathi kwe-cocaine notywala. Kuthathwa ngokudibeneyo, loo mayeza aguqulwa ngumzimba kwi-cocaethylene. I-Cocaethylene inexesha elide lokuthatha isenzo kwingqondo kwaye inetyhefu ngaphezu kweyonyango kuphela.
Nangona uphando oluninzi lufuneka luyenziwe, kuyaphawuleka ukuba umxube we-cocaine kunye notywala yiyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yimiba emibini echaphazelekayo eyenza ukufa kwezidakamizwa.
9 - Ngaba iCocaine iSebenzi eliKhuselekileyo kwiNgcini ye-HIV / AIDS kunye ne-Hepatitis?
Abasebenzisi beCocaine basengozini enkulu yokuthengisa izifo ezithathelwanayo, kubandakanywa ne-virus immunodeficiency virus (HIV / AIDS) kunye ne-virus hepatitis.
Ukukwabelana ngeenaliti ezingcolileyo kunye nezinye izidakamizwa zezidakamizwa yimbangela enye yokwanda komngcipheko, kodwa kuba nabasebenzisi beziyobisi abanxilisayo banokungena kwiimeko zokuziphatha ezinobungozi.
Uphando lweSizwe malunga nokuPhathwa kakubi kweziyobisi lubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kunye nokukhwela umlutha kunciphisa isigwebo kunye nokukwazi ukwenza izigqibo, ezinokubangela ukulwabelana ngesalane, ukudibana neentlobano zesifo esingozi, kunye nokuthengisa ngesondo ngezidakamizwa-ngamadoda nabasetyhini.
I-Cocaine kunye ne-HIV kunye ne-Hepatitis C
Inxaxheba yesandulela ngentsholongwane kaGawulayo kwi-abasebenzisi beziyobisi iye yaboniswa ngophando oluthile oluye lwabonisa ukuba abo baxhaphaza iziyobisi abangenayo iziyobisi bafumana i-HIV kwizinga elilinganayo nalabo abasebenzisa iziyobisi.
Abasebenzisi beziyobisi beziyobisi banomngcipheko ophezulu wokubambisana ne-hepatitis C (i-HCV). Uphando lwe-NIDA lubonisa ukuba umngcipheko wokubambisana ne-HCV uqala ngowokuqala kwegazi. Ngaphantsi kweminyaka emibini i-40% yabasebenzisi beziyobisi beziyobisi bayabonakala kwi-virus kwaye ngeminyaka emihlanu umngcipheko uphakama phakathi kwama-50% no-80%.
I-NIDA incoma ukuhlolwa kwe-HCV kwanoma yisiphi isigulane esake sajoba iziyobisi.
I-10 - Yintoni Impembelelo yokusetyenziswa koMama waseCocaine?
Iingcali zenzululwazi azikwazanga ukucacisa umphumo opheleleyo wokusetyenziswa kwe-cocaine ngumfazi okhulelwe onomntwana wakhe, kodwa izifundo ziye zafumana ingozi ekhoyo. Iintsana ezinomama onokuxhaphaza i-cocaine ngelixa zikhulelwe zivame ukuba:
- Ukuziswa kwangaphambili
- Yiba nezisindo zokuzalwa eziphantsi
- Zibe neentloko ezincinci zentloko
- Umncinci ubude
Esinye isizathu sokuba abaphandi bangakwazi ukufumana ukusetyenziswa kakubi kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zomzimba okanye izingozi ezithile ze-cocaine kumntwana ongakazalwa kungenxa yokuba ukuba umama usebenzisa kakubi i-cocaine, mhlawumbi ezinye izinto zingadlala ebomini bakhe ku cha phazela umntwana.
Ezinye izinto ezidlala indima
Ezinye zezinye iimeko ezinokuchaphazela iziphumo zomama, izifestile kunye nabantwana zibandakanya:
- Isixa kunye nenani leziyobisi zenzelwa kakubi
- Ukusetyenziswa kwe-nicotine
- Inkatha yokunakekelwa kokubeleka
- Ubundlobongela kwimeko
- Iimeko zezoqoqosho
- Ukutya komama
- Ukuboniswa kwezifo ezithathelwana ngesondo
- Ezinye zeemeko zempilo
Impembelelo yengqondo kwiNtsana
Eminye imiphumo yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-cocaine kakubi abaphandi abakwaziyo ukuchonga kubandakanya ukulahleka kwimiba ethile yokucwangciswa kolwazi, ukuqwalasela imisebenzi kunye nokusebenza kwengqiqo. Zonke ezi mpahla zingenza ukuba umntwana angakwazi ukufezekisa ngokupheleleyo amandla akhe, iSizwe seSizwe seDrams of Abuse sitshilo.
11 - Ziyiphi iipilisi ezisebenzayo kwiCocaine Abusers?
Ukugqithiswa kweCocaine kunokuba yimeko eyinkimbinkimbi, okubangela ukuba izidakamizwa zingabandakanywa kuphela ngumlutha ngokwawo kodwa ngeengxaki ezahlukeneyo zomntu. Ngoko unyango lwe-cocaine, ngoko, kufuneka lube yindlela epheleleyo yokujongana neengxaki zoluntu, iintsapho kunye nezinye iingxaki zemvelo.
Ngokutsho kweNational Institute of Drug Abuse, izicwangciso zokwelapha i-cocaine kufuneka zibandakanye uvavanyo lwe-neurobiological, ezentlalontle kunye nezokwelapha kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Amaninzi amaninzi oku kuquka iziyobisi ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kakubi.
Ukongezelela, abo banomlwelwe kwiidakamizwa ezininzi kaninzi banokunye okubandakanyeka kwimiba yempilo yengqondo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kunyango.
Iiprogramological Pharmacological Approaches
Kukho akukho namachiza avunywe yi-US Food and Drug Administration ukuphatha umlutha we-cocaine, nangona uphando olushushu luqhutyelwa ukufumana nokuvavanya amayeza amasha anokunceda i-cocaine addicts.
Ezinye zeemvavanyo eziye zivavanyelwayo zizo i-FDA ivunyiwe kwezinye iimeko okanye izifo. Abanye ababonisa isithembiso sokwelapha i-cocaine kuquka i-vigabatrin, i-modafinil, i-tiagabine, i-disulfiram kunye ne-topiramate.
Uphando olutsha luphando oluvimba umonakalo we-cocaine kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobuchopho ukukhusela ukubuyela kwizigulane eziye zayeka ukusebenzisa iyeza. Oku kubandakanya "ugonyo lwe-cocaine" oye wabonisa "isithembiso esikhulu," i-NIDA ithi.
Ukungenelela kokuziphatha
Kukho unyango oluninzi lokuziphatha olusetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nezigulane zokuphuza izidakamizwa ze-cocaine. Okwangoku, ziphela kuphela ezivunyiweyo kunye noobuchule obusekelwe kwi-cocaine kunye nabokuxhaphaza i-cocaine.
Ezinye zezi zonyango zokuziphatha ziquka:
- Izikhuthazo zokukhuthaza (ukulawulwa kweengxaki)
- Ukunyangwa kwengqondo-yokuziphatha
- Uluntu lwentlalo (iiprogram zokuhlala)
- Amaqela enkxaso (njengeCocaine engaziwa)
Imithombo:
Allen, uFrederick. Imfihlo yeFormula . ENew York: HarperCollins, 1994. I-ISBN 0-88730-672-1 (iphe. 35-36, 41-42, 45, 192).
I-American Society of Addiction Medicine. "Inkcazo yoLungiso (i-Long Version)." 15 Agasti 2011.
University of Brown. "Cocaine." Ukukhuthazwa kwezeMpilo - Utywala, uFuba, kunye nezinye iziyobisi.
Isizwe seSizwe sokuLawulwa kweziyobisi. "I-Cocaine: UkuShatshazwa nokuShatshulwa." Iingxelo zoPhando.
IYunivesithi yaseMdanley Centre yePhando loPhando loTywala. "I-Cocaine (Powder)." Ulwazi lwezobisi.