Indlela abaye baphuhliswa ngayo yokuPhatha ukuTywala kweziTywala
Okwangoku, kukho imithi emithathu kuphela evunyiweyo yi-US Food and Drug Administration yokunyanga utywala kunye nokuxhomekeka kotywala. Akukho nanye yale miyeza inqunywe kubantu ababesela utywala. Baye kuphela abo baye bayeka ukusela kwaye bazama ukugcina ukuyeka.
Akukho zonyango kwiimarike ezimiselwe abantu ababesela utywala obuya kubangela ukuba bayeke ukusela.
I-Antabuse (i-Disulfiram) njengeGosa lokuNxila
I-Antabuse (disulfiram) yiyonyango lokuqala elivunyiweyo lokunyanga utywala kunye nokuxhomekeka kotywala. Isebenza ngokubangela impendulo enzima xa umntu ethatha iyeza elisebenzisa utywala. Ininzi abantu abayithathayo iya kuhlanza emva kokusela kotywala. Oku, kucatshangelwa ukuba kudala ukukhusela ukusela.
I-Disulfiram yaqala ukuphuhliswa kwi-1920s ukuze isebenzise kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. Iziphumo zokusela utywala -Averabuse zaqala ukubhalwa kwi-1930. Abasebenzi kwimveliso yerabha enobungozi abaye batyhila kwi-tetraethylthiuram disulfide bagula emva kokusela utywala.
Ngowe-1948, abaphandi baseDanish bazama ukufumana unyango lweengxaki zokugula ngesisu, bafumanisa iziphumo ezinxulumene nophuzo lwe-disulfiram xa begula emva kokusela utywala. Abaphandi baqalisa isifundo esitsha ngokusebenzisa i-disulfiram ukuxhomekeka kotywala .
Kungekudala emva koko, i-US FDA evumelekileyo i-disulfiram ukuphatha utywala. Kwakuqala ukuveliswa yi-Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories phantsi kwegama legama elithi Antabuse.
Ekuqaleni, i-disulfiram yanikezelwa ngamayeza amakhulu ukuze kuveliswe umonakalo otywala ngokubangela ukuba izigulane zigule kakhulu xa zisela.
Kamva, emva kokuba abaninzi bevakalise ukuphendula okunzima (kubandakanywa nokufa kwabantu), i-Antabuse yayilawulwa ngamancinci amancinci ukuze kuxhaswe utywala .
I-Naltrexone yokuTywala kweNxila
I-Naltrexone ithengiswa phantsi kwegama lohlobo lweRevia kunye ne-Depade. Ifomu yokukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza , inyanga nganye ye-naltrexone ithengiswa phantsi kwegama le-Vivitrol . Isebenza ngokuthintela kwingqondo "phezulu" abantu abava xa betywala utywala okanye bathathe i-opioid njenge heroin kunye ne-cocaine.
I-Naltrexone yaqala ukuphuhliswa ngo-1963 ukunyanga umlutha we-opioids. Ngowe-1984, yavunywa yi-FDA kunyango lweziyobisi ezifana ne-heroin, i-morphine kunye ne-oxycodone. Ngelo xesha, kuthengiswa nguDuPont phantsi kwegama lomthi weTransan.
Ngama-1980, izifundo zezilwanyana zafumanisa ukuba i-naltrexone yanciphisa nokusetyenziswa kotywala. Ulingo lweziluntu olulandelayo lulandelwa ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80 kunye neyokuqala kwe-90. Ezi zibonise ukuba xa zidibene neyeza zengqondo, i-naltrexone inokunciphisa izifiso zobunxila kunye nokunciphisa izinga lokuphindaphinda kwezidakwa.
I-FDA ivume ukusetyenziswa kwe-naltrexone ukuphatha izidakamizwa zokusetyenziswa kotywala ngo-1994. UDuPont wabiza igama leRea.
I-Campral (Acamprosate) yeNtlungu
I-Campral (i-acamprosate) , isicatshulwa esandula ukufumana unyango lokuxhomekeka kotywala okanye utywala e-US Kusebenza ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomzimba kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubantu abadla xa beyeka ukusela.
Ngowe-1982, inkampani yaseFransi i-Laboratoires Meram yavelisa i-acamprosate kunyango lokuxhomekeka kotywala. Kwavavanywa ukukhusela nokusebenza ukususela ngo-1982 ukuya ngowe-1988 xa kugunyazisiwe ukusetyenziswa nguRhulumente waseFransi ukuphatha utywala. Kwakuqala ukuthengiswa phantsi kwegama elithi Aotal.
Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-20, i-acamprosate yayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu ekuphatheni izidyobisi. Akuzange kuvunyelwe ukuba kusetyenziswe e-US yi-FDA kude kube ngoJulayi 2004. Yayithengiswa kuqala e-United States ngoJanuwari 2005 phantsi kwegama legama laseCampral.
I-Campral ngoku idayiswa eUnited States ngamaHlathi aMayeza.
Imithombo:
Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zezeMpilo yengqondo. "Ukubandakanya utywala kwi-Pharmacotherapies ukuya kwiNyango yezoNyango." Uluhlu lweeNkqubo zoPhuculo lweNyango. 2009.
> Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zezeMpilo kunye neZiko leSizwe malunga nokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala kunye noTywala. Amachiza okwelashwa kweNkunkuma yokuSebenzisa utywala: Isikhokelo esifutshane . 2015.