I-post-traumatic disorder disorder (PTSD) ibonakaliswe yimpawu ezininzi. Ngokomhla ka-Meyi 2013 wokuhlaziywa kweNgcaciso yokuHlola kunye neSatistim of Disabilities (DSM-5), le mpawu ingabandakanya ukuguqulwa kwenkcazo kunye nemizwelo, kunye nokuguqulwa kokuvusa kunye nokusebenza. Ukubonakaliswa kwezi zinguqu kunokubandakanya iinkolelo ezingekho phantsi kwakho; iimvakalelo ezimbi njengokwesaba, umsindo kunye neentloni; nciphisa umdla kwizinto ezibalulekileyo ezibangelwa phambili; iimvakalelo zokuhlukana; ukungakwazi ukufumana imvakalelo emihle; ukuziphatha kakubi; iingxaki ekugxilwe kuzo; nobunzima bokulala.
Imbali yeAparame Approval
U-Aspartame uyisitenjethi esingekho-saccharide esetyenzisiweyo njengomtsalane weshukela, okwangama-200 amaxesha amnandi ngaphezu kwe-sucrose. Xa i-metabolized by body it breaks into three components: i-amino acids (i-aspartic acid kunye ne-phenylalanine) kunye nesincinci se-methanol (i-methyl alcohol).
Efunyanwe ngo-1965, i-aspartame yanikwa imvume yokusetyenziswa ngokutya okumeleyo yi-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ngo-1974. Ngomnyaka olandelayo, i-FDA ifake ukugcinwa kwemvume ngenxa yemibuzo ejikeleze ukuqinisekiswa nokuphunyezwa kwezifundo ngeniswe nguGD Searle (umenzi we-aspartame) ngexesha lwenkqubo yokuqala yokufaka isicelo. Ngo-1980, iBhodi yoLuntu yoPhando (i-PBOI), eyadalwa ngu-FDA, yakuva ubungqina malunga nokuxhalabisa malunga nokuqhagamshelana phakathi kwe-aspartame kunye nomonakalo wengqondo kunye nemiphumo ye-aspartame ekuphuhliseni iintsholongwane.
Nangona i-PBOI ingavumelani namabango aveliswe, iBhodi inemibuzo eminye malunga nokuqhagamshelana phakathi kwe-aspartame kunye nomhlaza wengqondo. Ngenxa yemibuzo ekhutshwe kwi-PBOI, iBhodi yachithwa ukuvunyelwa kwe-aspartame, ngokuqhubeka nokuphanda. Ngowe-1981, uKhomishinari we-FDA owayesanda kuqeshwa u-Arthur Hull Hayes, ngokubonisana noososayensi be-FDA, wacacisa iziphene zohlalutyo ezenziwe yi-PBOI malunga nokukhuselwa kwe-aspartame.
Emva kokuphononongwa kwezifundo ezongezelelweyo, kubandakanye nalabo abhekisela kwikhonkco yomhlaza wengqondo, i-aspartame yavunywa kwakhona ngenxa yokusetyenziswa okumeleyo ngo-1981.
Ngomnyaka olandelayo, u-Searle wafake isikhalazo kunye ne-FDA ukuvumela i-aspartame ukuba ivunyiwe njenge-sweetener kwi-alcohol and other liquids. NgoJulayi ka-1983, i-aspartame yavunyelwa ukuba ifakwe kwiirwelo ngaphandle kokuchaswa kwi-National Soft Drink Association (i-NSDA), eyayikhathazeke ngokuzinza kwe-aspartame kwifom echaphazelekayo kwaye ixhala ngenxa yokuba amaqondo ashushu anama-degrees ama-Fahrenheit angama-85, i-methanol iyancipha i-formaldehyde kwaye I-Diketopiperazine (DKP), enokuthi ibe yingozi kwizinga eliphezulu lokungenisa.
Umsebenzi kunye neMithombo yeeNxalenye zeAparame
I-aspartic acid (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-asparaginic acid) inceda ukulawula imveliso ye-hormone kunye nokukhululwa kwaye inceda kwakhona ukugcina umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wesistim kwinkqubo, ngokuyinxalenye ngokuvuselela i-synapses kwinkqubo ye-nervous central. I-aspartic acid iyanceda ukuguqula i-carbohydrates ibe namandla. Kuyaziwa ngokuba ngumqathango okanye "ongabalulekanga" i-amino acid ngenxa yokuba akudingeki sidle ukutya ukuze siyifumane; ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe yimizimba yethu. Nangona kunjalo, sinokuyingozi xa sidla iilan, i-soybean, i-lentils, i-salmon, i-oyster, i-asparagus kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi zokutya eziphezulu.
I-Phenylalanine yi-amino acid edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakhiweni kweprotheni kunye neeplastiki ezininzi ze-neurochem, eziquka i-dopamine kunye ne-adrenaline. Njengento ebalulekileyo okanye "ebalulekileyo" i-amino acid, ayikwazi ukuveliswa ngamalungu ethu kwaye ngoko kufuneka ifunyenwe kwimithombo yokutya njengenyama, intlanzi kunye nemveliso yobisi kwakunye neentambo kunye nemifuno.
I-Methyl yotywala (ebizwa ngokuba yi-alcohol alcohol) ifumaneka kwi-windshield cleaner, shellac, i-sheverc, i-remover, i-deicing fluid kunye ne-antifreeze. Ukubonakaliswa kunokubangela ukuxakeka, ukuhlanza, ukudibana, kunye nokungafihli. Njengoko i-2oz encinane inokubulala umntu omdala. Nangona kunjalo, inani leemveliso zokutya liqulethe imilinganiselo ye-methyl yotywala, kuquka iwayini; ijusi ye-orange kunye nejusi yamagilebhisi; iziqhamo, ngakumbi iipulo, i-currants emnyama kunye neetatayi; imifuno enjengamazambane, ama-brussels ahluma, i-celery kunye ne-parsnips; kunye nokupheka inyama kunye neentlanzi.
Ngomhla oqhelekileyo, umntu oqhelekileyo udla malunga ne-10mg ye-methanol ngosuku njengenxalenye yokutya kwabo rhoqo. Isinako sokondla i-soda ekhetshwe nge-aspartame iya kuncedisa malunga ne-20mg ye-methyl utywala ekudleni kwabo.
I-almaldehyde yikhemikhali echanekileyo esetyenziswayo kwizinto zokwakha kunye nokukhupha. Isetyenziswe kwakhona njengendlela yokulondolozwa kwii-laboratories nakwiindawo zokufunda kwaye zingatholakala kwi-auto emissions. Liye labizwa ngokuthi "i-carcinogen yomntu eyaziwayo" yi-Arhente yamazwe ngamazwe okuPhando ngeCarcer kwaye "njengokwenziwa kwe-carcinogen yomntu" yi-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kweNdalo. I-formaldehyde idla ngokubonakalayo emoyeni (kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle) ngaphantsi kwama-0.03 amanani kwisigidi (ppm). Xa ukhona emoyeni kumanqanaba angaphezu kwe-0.1ppm, ukucaphuka kwamehlo, impumlo, umqala, kunye nesikhumba. Nangona kunjalo, i-formaldehyde nayo iveliswa ngokwemvelo ngumzimba ngobuninzi obukhulu kunokuba iveliswe ekuphahleni kwe-aspartame-kwaye i-formaldehyde ibalulekile ekubunjweni kwamacandelo amaninzi, kuquka iDNA. Kukho kwakhona i-formaldehyde ekhoyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokutya , kubandakanya iibhanana, iipereya, i-cauliflower, i-kohlrabi, ama-mushroom ase-dried shitake, i-ham, isobho kunye neentlobo ezininzi ezidliwayo ze-crustaceans. I-jelly enye ibhontshi ikhupha amaxesha angaphezu kwama-45 ngaphezulu kwe-formaldehyde kunokuba yonke into yokutya yesoda - kwaye akukho namnye odla ibhontshisi enye ye-jelly.
I-Diketopiperazine (DKP), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-dioxopiperazine okanye i-piperazinedione, ayikho enye ikhemikhali. Kunoko, i-DKP ibhekisela kwiklasi yama-isomers e-organic molecules. Ingumqhubi we-2,5 we-DKP oba khona emzimbeni njengomveliso ophuhliweyo wexabiso elincinci le-methyl utshwala kwi-aspartame. I-DKP inokufumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi zokutya kubandakanya okusanhlamvu, ushizi, ushokoledi, ikhofi, ubhiya kunye nobisi. I-DKP iye yaxhunyaniswa nomsebenzi ongenasiphelo, ebonisa ngokunciphisa ukufa kweeseli ehambisana necrosis (ukufa kwesantya kwangaphambili), i-apoptosis (ukufa kwangaphambili kweseli) okanye ukulimala.
Ukhuseleko lweAparame
Amacandelo amathathu e-aspartame (i-aspartic acid, i-phenylalanine, kunye ne-methyl alcohol) kunye ne-formaldehyde kunye ne-DKP leyo i-methanol inokudiliza ukuya kumaqondo aphezulu okugcina, kubangele kubangele abanye abantu ukususela kwi-aspartame. Ngokwe-Ann Louise Gittleman, Ph.D., kwi -Out Sugar Out , malunga neepesenti ezingama-75 zezikhalazo zonke kwi-FDA malunga nokutya zibhekiselele kwi-aspartame.
Nangona kunjalo, i-FDA, i-European Food Safety Authority (i-EFSA) kunye ne-American Cancer Society ithi i-aspartame ayifaki ingozi xa idliwe ngobungakanani ngokuhambelana nemali efunyenweyo yamanqaku onke (ADI). I-ADI ibalwa ukuba yi-1/100 ye-level-effect-effect effect (NOEL). I-NOEL yinkxalabo enkulu yezinto ezingabangela nayiphi na utshintsho ekukhuleni, ekuphuhliseni okanye kwimpilo yomzimba.
I-FDA ifake i-ADI kwi-aspartame kwi-50 milligram nge kilogram (mg / kg) yesisindo somzimba ngosuku. I-EFSA ye-ADI ye-aspartame iyancinci, kwi-40 milligram nge kilogram (mg / kg) yesisindo somzimba ngosuku. Ukubeka oku ngolu hlobo, umntu omdala olinganisa i-165lbs. kufuneka utyote ama-cans angama-20 e-soda yokutya okanye udle iipakethi ezingaphezu kwe-100 zesondlo esilungileyo ukuze udle i-ADI ye-aspartame ngosuku olunye. I-12oz enye. I-soda yesondlo iqulethe malunga ne-190mg ye-aspartame, ehla i-90mg ye-phenylalanine, i-72mg ye-aspartic acid kunye ne-18mg ye-methanol.
Ngokuthelekiswa, i-8oz. Ubisi lubandakanya 404mg ye phenylalanine kunye ne-592mg ye-aspartic acid. Isonka se-chocolate, i-rye, i-pizza e-cheese, amaqanda, i-parmesan ushizi, i-lobster, ityhuna, inkukhu, imvana kunye ne-turkey zonke ziqulethe i-phenylalanine ngaphezu kokutya kunokutya kwesoda. Ibhanana enye iqukethe i-methanol engaphezu kwesininzi sokutya kwe-soda, njengaye i-8oz ingilazi yelisi ye-tomato.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ininzi imethanol efunyenwe ekudleni iboshwe kwi-pectin, leyo umzimba womntu awukwazi ukuyigaya ngenxa yokuba ayinayo i-enzyme efanelekileyo kwaye ngoko i-methanol ayikhululwa. Ezi zinto zidla rhoqo ziqukethe i-ethanol, ephikisana nemiphumo ye-methanol. Oku akusiyo imeko ye-methanol ye-aspartame, ebizwa ngokuba yi "free methanol."
I-ADI yee-7.5 milligram nge kilogram (mg / kg) yesisindo somzimba ngalunye lusekwa i-DKP yiKomidi ehlangeneyo ye-FAO / WHO ye-Additives (JECFA), i-FDA kunye neKomiti yeKomiti yezoTyhuba kuma-1980. Ngowe-1987, u-FDA uTycologist uDkt. Jacqueline Verrett wangqina phambi kweCongress ukuba i-DKP ibandakanyekile njengobangela we-polyps uterine kunye noshintsho kwi-cholesterol yegazi. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2012, njengenxalenye yokuhlaziywa kwakhona kwezinto zokutya zokugcoba, i-European Food Safety Authority (i-EFSA) yacela idatha eyongezelelweyo kwi-DKP, ekugqibeleni ifunyenwe ikhuselekile kumanqanaba okusetyenziswa. Ngomnyaka olandelayo, i-EFSA iqukumbele ukuba inani le-DKP kuzo zonke izixhobo zokutya eziphakathi kwe-1/75 ukuya kweyesi-4 ye-ADI ye-DKP kwaye ngenxa yoko ayizange ibonelele ingozi yomsebenzisi kubungozi kwi-DKP.
Phenylketonuria
Kukho isibalo esithile apho i-aspartame iboniswe ukuba yingozi kakhulu: abantu abahluphekayo kwi-genetic condition phenylketonuria (PKU). I-PKU iyinto engabonakaliyo ye-autosomal disorder, oku kuthetha ukuba umntwana uya kudla ilifa lekopi engasebenziyo kumzali ngamnye. Abantwana abazelwe nge-PKU abanakho ukukwazi ukuququzelela i-phenylalanine, enye yezinto kwi-aspartame. Ukwakhiwa kwe-phenylalanine kunokubangela ukuxakeka, iingxaki zokuziphatha, kunye nokuphuculwa kwengqondo nokuphuculwa. Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwe-aspartame (kunye naluphi na ukutya okuqukethe i-phenylalanine) kunokuba nemiphumo embi kumntu onomsebenzi we-PKU, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba i-PKU yimeko engavumelekanga yofuzo, apho iintsana zivavanywa xa zizalwa. Akuyinto into ekufuneka uyithintele ngaphandle kokuba unokuxilongwa kwePKU.
Aspartame kunye nePTSD
Emva kokuba zonke iinkcukacha zinikezelwe kule nqaku zibonisa ukuba i-aspartame (kunye neengxenye zayo) ithathwa njengekhuselekile yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokujongana neentlanga, kutheni kufuneka kubekho nkxalabo malunga nabantu abanePTSD abadla i-aspartame? Ucwaningo lweNyuvesi yaseNorth Dakota lwango-2014 lubonise ukuba abantu abadala abanempilo abasebenzisa i-aspartame yokutya (25 mg / kg yesisindo somzimba / imini, esona siqingatha se-ADI ye-aspartame) kubonisa ukunyaniseka okwenyukayo, ukuxinezeleka nokudandatheka nokuqhelaniswa kwendawo. Imemori yokusebenza (oko kukusetyenziswa kwememori emfutshane kwimisebenzi engqiqweni) ayizange ithinteke. Emva kweentsuku ezisibhozo kwi-high-aspartame yokutya, izifundo zinexesha elibanjwe ngeeveki ezimbini (apho izifundo zazingakhange zifundwe ngokusetyenziswa kwe-aspartame) emva kweentsuku ezisibhozo kwi-aspartame yokutya (10 mg / kg yesisindo somzimba /usuku).
Ezi zihlandlo zokudakumba okudlulileyo kwi-Yunivesithi yaseNorth Dakota ziqhubela phambili ukukhokelela ekufundeni kwangaphambili kwezigulane ezingama-80, isiqingatha sazo sasinexinzelelo lwe-unipolar. Abathathi-nxaxheba banikwe i-30 mg / kg yesisindo somzimba / usuku lwe-aspartame (60% ye-ADI) okanye indawo ye-placebo yeentsuku ezisixhenxe. Ngelixa izifundo ezingenazo iimbali zokudandatheka azibonakalanga iimpawu kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziphi na iindibano ezazisabelwe zona, abo baneembali zokudakumba babonisa inani leempawu, ezinye zazo zazizinzima. Enyanisweni, iBhodi yokuHlola yeziNtu yabe yayiyeka le projekthi ngenxa yokuphendula kwabo bathathi-nxaxheba.
Enye yezinto eziphambili ze-asipartic i-gluconeogenesis (isizukulwana se-glucose). Omnye umsebenzi owona mkhulu ngowomntu ongu-neurotransmitter agonist. I-agonist inceda ukuququzelela isenzo se-receptor. Njenge-aspartate (i-conjugate base base-aspartic acid), ivuselela i-NMDA receptors, njengokuba i-glutamate. U-Aspartate ungenza kwakhona i-neurotransmitter i-NMDA, ngokubambisana neqela le-methyl ukusuka kumxhasi wesibonelelo. Ngoko, u-Aspartate, ngoko, usebenza njenge-neurotransmitter ngokwayo kunye nesakhiwo sokwakha enye i-neurotransmitter.
I-receptor ye-NMDA ngokuyinhloko ixanduva lokulawula imisebenzi yememori nokulawula iplastiki (synsttic powerity) okanye amandla okutshintsha kwexesha, kunye nenani labafumana i-synapse). Ukuze i-receptor ye-NMDA isebenze ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka ibophe nge-glycine okanye i-D-serine, kunye ne-glutamate (okanye i-NMDA). I-Glycine-receptor receptor-agonists inokubambisa isithembiso sezilwanyana ezintsha ukukunceda uxolo, uxinzelelo kunye nentlungu.
Nangona kunjalo, i-receptors ethile, kuquka i-NMDA, ingaba yinyameko kwaye ibangele i-neuronal excitotoxicity. Oku kunokukhokelela kumonakalo weeseli kunye nokufa, kubandakanywa ne-hippocampus, edlala indima enkulu ekukhomeni inkqubo yokuloyika. I-hippocampus kubantu abano-PTSD sele sele bengabonakaliyo; umonakalo omkhulu ukusuka kwi-excurotoxicity ye-neuronal ingenza ukwanda kokwesaba okungavamile. I-Dopamine inokukunceda ukukhusela iseli malunga neurotoxicity kodwa abantu abanexinzelelo (ngokuqhelekileyo imeko ye-comorbid ne-PTSD) bahlala behlulwa ngamanqanaba engavamile. Ukutya kunye neziyobisi zokutya kunye namazinga aphakamileyo e-aspartame kunokukhokelela kumanqanaba okwandiswa kwe-NMDA nto leyo enokubangela i-neuronal excitotoxicity.
Izigqibo
Ngenxa yokuba izifundo zangoku zibonise ulungelelaniso phakathi kwezinga eliphezulu lokudakumba nokutya okuphezulu kwe-aspartame, kubonakala kucebise ukuba abantu abanokuthi babe neengcinezelo ezixinzelelekileyo (kubandakanye nalabo abane-PTSD) kufuneka banciphise ukungena kwe-aspartame phantsi kwe-ADI 50 mg / kg yesisindo somzimba / imini, nangona i-additi ibonakala ukhuseleko loluntu jikelele. Oku kucacile xa sicinga ukuba uphando olufanayo luye lwaqonda ukunyusa ukunyanzeliswa kwaye luchaza ukulahlekelwa kwengqalelo, iimpawu zabantu abaye bafumanisa i-PTSD sele benokulwa nazo. Ekugqibeleni, ekuqwalaseleni umonakalo owenziwe kwi-hippocampus yi-excitotoxin ye-NMDA, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-aspartame kulabo abane-PTSD okanye ezinye iimeko zempilo yengqondo njengengxaki enkulu yokudandatheka.
U-Aspartame uthengiswa phantsi kwegama le-brand NutraSweet, Equal and Sugar Twin.
> Imithombo:
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> Cowan N. Ziziphi iindawo ezahlukileyo phakathi kwexesha elide, ixesha elifutshane, kunye neMemori yokuSebenza? Inkqubela yoPhando lweBongo, ngo-2008; 169: 323-38.
> Ishii H, Koshimizu T, et al. Ubunobunzima be-Aspartame kunye ne-Diketopiperazine yayo kwi-Wistar Rats ngoLawulo lweZidlo lweeveki ezingama-104. Utywala. 1981; 21 (2): 91-4.
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> Lindseth GN, Coolahan SE, et al. Imiphumo ye-neurobe behaviorality of Aspartame Consumption. Uphando kwi-Nursing & Health. 2014 Juni; 37 (3): 185-93.
> Mark LP, Prost RW, et al. Ukuqwalaselwa kwe-Pictorial ye-Glutamate Excitotoxicity: Iingcamango ezibalulekileyo ze-Neuro. I-American Journal ye-Neuroradiology, ngoNovemba-Nov-Dec; 22 (10): 1813-24.
> I-Pilc A, i-WieroĊska JM, i-Skolnick P. I-Glutamate-Based based anti-depressants: Preclinical Psychopharmacology. I-Biological Psychiatry, ngo-2013 Juni 15; 73 (12): 1125-32.