I-Mescaline, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-2- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) ethanamine, isisisi se- hallucinogenic eyenzeka ngokwemvelo kwiindawo ezithile ze-cacti ezizalwe eNtshona West United States, eMexico naseMzantsi Melika. Ezi zityalo ziquka i-peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), i-trichocereus pachanoi (iSan Pedro cactus), kunye ne-trichocereus peruvianus (iPeruvian Torch cactus).
I-Mescaline yinto enomdla, enomlando omdala kwiincwadi zengqondo kunye nenxaxheba enkulu kwiinkcubeko zamandulo nezanamhlanje.
Ukusetyenziswa kweNkcubeko
I-Mescaline isetyenziswe ngabantu baseMelika ngamashumi eminyaka kwimikhosi yonqulo kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwe-peyote kungekho mthethweni e-United States, iyaziwa njengeSakramente kwiNkcubeko yaseMelika yaseNyakatho Melika, iququzelele ukunxibelelana noMdali xa kuncedwa nguMntu ohamba ngeendlela, ulingana nombingeleli okanye umphathiswa.
Xa i-peyote isetyenziswe ngale ndlela iyakhululwa kwi-classification njengeShedyuli 1 elawulwayo phantsi kwe-1994 yama-American Indian Freedom Freedom Act. Lo mxolelwano ube ngumbandela oqhubekayo nokuphikisanayo kwiminyaka emininzi, nangona umgwebo wecala unqumle ukuba namalungu eNkonzo yaseMelika yaseMelika angenawo oonyana baseMelika basekhaya angasebenzisa ngokusemthethweni i-peyote kule mongo.
I-Mascaline yenziwe kwisiqhamo okanye amaqhosha akhula ngaphandle kwe-cactus, enqunyulwayo kwaye yomile kwaye idliwe okanye isetyenziswe, ibiliswe, kwaye itywe njengetayi. Imiphumo ye-mescaline yokugqibela kwiiyure ezili-10 ukuya kwi-12, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwe-mescaline njenge-sakramente kwenzeka kwiintsuku ezimbini.
Ngezinye izikhathi uMascaline ubizwa ngokuba yi-mescal.
Oku kuvame ukudideka kunye nesiphuzo sokunxila saseMexico, i-mezcal, leyo, nangona i-folklore yeziyobisi, yenziwa nge-agave, ingenayo i-cactus, kwaye ayiqukethe i-mescaline. Isibungu esithile esifumaneka kwibhotile ye-mezcal, akunjalo, njengoko kudlalwa njalo, senza i-mescaline ephakamileyo kuba ingenayo i-mescaline.
Nangona i-mescaline ayilona isicatshulwa esaziwayo ngokuqhelekileyo, sinendawo ekhethekileyo kwinkcubeko yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwaye ngokukodwa phakathi kwabasebenzisi beziyobisi be- psychedelic abangakholelwa ukuba, njengama-mushroom amakhowa kunye ne-marijuana, loo ngqungquthela ye-psychedelic ingcwele kwaye kufuneka ihlonishwe ngenxa yokuvela kwabo kwindalo.
Usetyenziso lweNkcubeko
Nangona i-peyote ingasetyenziselwa ngokusemthethweni ngabantu baseMelika ukuba iinjongo zemikhosi, inxalenye encinci isebenzisa loo nto kwiindlela zokuzonwabisa. Nangona uphando olukhoyo alukho olubanzi, uphando oluthile lwabafundi abangama-89 baseNamerica abancinci abafika kwinkqubo yokunyangwa kweziyobisi zendawo yokuhlala kwintlupheko eqhutywe yintlupheko yenziwa phakathi kuka-1998 no-2001. Inkqubo yokonyango yenzelwe ukubonelela unyango olulodwa kubantu abasebenzisa izixhobo kunye nezinye izinto -kuqhuba iingxaki zempilo yengqondo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokhathalela unyango.
Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba bebakhwenkwe (ama-65 ekhulwini), abangazange bavela kumzi womzali omibini (75 ekhulwini). Baye bazama ukusebenzisa izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ngokwemitha engaphezu kwemihlanu kwaye babike iimpawu ezahlukahlukeneyo neziphazamiso ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Phakathi kwabantwana abangama-89, i-10 kuphela (i-11.2 pesenti) yabika ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-peyote. Abaninzi babo bathi babesebenzisa i-peyote engavumelekanga kanye okanye kabini ebomini babo. Abo babesebenzisa i-peyote engekho mthethweni babekwazi ukunika amanqanaba aphantsi okuxhaswa kwezenhlalakahle, amanqanaba aphantsi okuzithemba, kunye nokuchongwa okuphantsi kunye nenkcubeko yaseNative yaseMelika, nangona banamanqanaba afanayo okubandakanyeka kwizithethe zendabuko yaseMelika njengabo abangazange basebenzise imilcaline engekho mthethweni.
Ababhali bolu cwaningo baphetha ngelithi ukusetyenziswa okungekho kwemithendeleko yama-mescaline akuyona into eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabantwana baseMelika basebantwaneni abaneengxaki ezinzulu zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.
I nkcubeko
I-Mescaline yiyilisi ye-hallucinogenic esetyenziswa ngu-Aldous Huxley, eyamphefumlela ukuba abhale umbhalo weklasi kwiimeko ze-psychedelic, ii -Doors of Perception , ezipapashwe ngo-1954.
U-Huxley wachaza amava okuthatha i-mescaline ngokuvula iindlela ezintsha zokukhangela ihlabathi engazange ifumaneke phambi kokuba athathe iyeza. Iingcango zePerception , ukuphefumlelwa kwegama le-rock-psychedelic rock band Ii-Doors , zasiza ekukhuthazeni ukuthandwa kwamachiza e-hallucinogenic kwiminyaka yama-1960, nangona bekuyi- LSD kunokuba i-mescaline eyayisetyenziswa rhoqo ngelo xesha.
Esidlulileyo phambi kohambo lwama-mescaline lwamaHuxley, amava okuthatha i-mescal ayebhalwe ngu-Havelock Ellis onguchwepheshe wezengqondo, oye wafumanisa imiphumo emva kamva ichazwa ngabanye. NjengoHuxley, u-Ellis wachaza amava okuthatha i-mescaline ngokuqinisekileyo, ekufumaneni ukuba ivuseleleke kumanqanaba omzimba, inzwa kunye neengqondo. U-Ellis wabikezela ikamva elihle lonyango, elalikulindele ukuba likwazi ukusetyenziswa kweyeza.
Ngo-2013 le nkunkuma yayiyi-Movie Crystal Fairy kunye neMagical Cactus . Ngelishwa, le filimu yithuba elilahlekileyo lokubonelela ngamava ngamayeza, kugxininisa ekutheni abantu abalingana abadala bazama ukufumana izilwanyana kunye nokusebenzisana kwentlalo phakathi kwabo. Xa abantu abangenakubonakala bephambili bafika ngokukhawuleza ukuba badle i-substance, kukho ukungafani okubonakalayo kwiimpawu zabo kwaye akukho ukubonakaliswa kwamava eziyobisi kumbono womsebenzisi. Ngoko ke, i-movie inexabiso elincinci lemfundo ngokuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwamascaline.
Ngaba i-Mescaline iyingozi?
Naliphi na into ephazamisa imbono yomsebenzisi yinyaniso ingaba yingozi , njengoko abasebenzisi bangakwazi ukuchazwa ngokuthe tye, okanye babe neengozi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokobuqhetseba, ubungqina bungabhekisela kwimascaline ephethe ingozi ephantsi kunezinye izidakamizwa ezininzi zokuzonwabisa .
Ucwaningo lweminyaka eli-12 lweDiscoli yeConferencing Control System yeCalifornia ngonyaka we-1997 ukuya ku-2008 lubonise ukuba ngelo xesha kwakukho iimeko ezingama-31 kuphela ze-mescaline okanye i-peyote yetyhefu. Nangona kunjalo, olu lwazi lufanele luchazwe kumxholo we-mescaline kuba yinto engasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunezinye ezininzi iziyobisi zokuzonwabisa, ngoko ke inani langempela leetyhefu ngenani labasebenzisi aliyazi. Enyanisweni, abaphandi abazange babandakanye nabani kwisifundo ababethathe ezinye izinto ngexesha elifanayo bathatha i-mescaline okanye i-peyote, ngoko abaphandi abazange bakwazi ukulandelelana ngokwemiqathango yeziphumo zabo abo basebenzisa i-mescaline kunye ezinye izinto.
Kwakhona, njengokuba i-mescaline idlalwa njengento "yendalo" okanye "inqabileyo", abasebenzisi abanako ukubeka ingxelo ngaphandle kwezinto "zeekhemikhali", mhlawumbi mhlawumbi bakhetha ukulawula imiphumo ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kweenkonzo zezempilo .
Abantu abangama-31 abavakalisa i-poisonings ehlobene ne- peyote ne-mescaline basebenzisa iimpawu ezingathandeki kakhulu. Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo ezichazwe ngokuthatha i-mescaline zibandakanya:
- I-hallucinations, okanye ukubona okanye ukuva izinto ezingekho okanye ezingenalo siseko ngokwenene. Nangona iilucucinations zilindeleke okanye zifunyenwe nezidakamizwa ze-hallucinogenic, ngamanye amaxesha abasebenzisi bakuthola kunzima ngakumbi okanye beyikrakra kunokuba kulindeleke, kwaye, nangona abasebenzisi besazi ukuba i-hallucinations eyenzeka kummandla we-mescaline otywalayo ayikhoyo, ingabangela ukudideka kunye noxinzelelo.
- Tachycardia, okanye izinga lentliziyo elikhawulezayo. Oku kwachazwa njengezinga lentliziyo ngaphezu kwama-beat be-100 ngomzuzu (bpm) okanye ubukho begama elithi "tachycardia" kwisicatshulwa samahhala kwimeko. Nangona kungabikho miphumo emibi yomzimba we-tachycardia kubasebenzisi be-mescaline, isantya senhliziyo esheshayo ngamanye amaxesha sinokudala ukuxhalabisa kubasebenzisi, enesiphumo esongezelelekileyo ekunyuseni izinga lentliziyo. Abasebenzisi banokuziva bexakekile, ngakumbi xa bexhalabile ukuba ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa kubangela iingxaki zentliziyo.
- Ukuxhalaza, okubangelwa yimvakalelo okanye ukuxhalaba, kungabikho ndawo xa abantu bethatha izinto ezifana ne-peyote okanye i-mescaline, okanye kunokubangela ukukhathazeka ngokugqithiseleyo ngezinye iimpawu ezinjengekokuba iilucucinations zinyani okanye ukuba zinentliziyo iingxaki. Ukutshatyalaliswa kunokukhawuleza kubangele abantu abaxiliswe kwi-hallucinogens, ezinokukhokelela ekuziphatheni okunobungozi ezinjengeendawo ezikhuselekileyo ezinjengezitalato zedolophu kunye neendlela zendawo ezisemaphandleni ezinobungozi bezendalo ezifana neendawo eziphakamileyo, iimvula, njl njl.
Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya ukutshatyalaliswa, ukulahleka kwengqondo kunye nokuhlanza. Omnye umntu wachazwa ukuba wafumana ukuhlutha ekhaya emva kokungena kwe-peyote; Omnye wafunyanwa engenakuncibilika aze adle emva kokudla itiye ye-peyote. Ukuvuthwa kwabikwa kwimeko enye. Enye imithombo ibonise ukuba ukuhlanza kuqhelekileyo emva kokuba uthathe i-peyote, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokunambitheka.
Nangona ezi ziphumo ezibi kakhulu zingabonakali zenzeke ngokuqhelekileyo kubantu abasebenzisa i-peyote okanye i-mescaline, kubalulekile kubasebenzisi kunye nabasebenzisi abanokukwazi ukuba ukuthatha ezi zinto zithwala le mngcipheko.
Nangona uninzi lwabantu ludinga unyango lwezokwelapha, akubona bonke abazenzayo. Amashumi amabini anesithandathu (ama-84 ekhulwini) abantu abaxela i-mescaline okanye i-peyote yetyhefu baphathwa kwiziko lempilo, kanti ezinye izigulane ezisihlanu (iipesenti ezili-16) zilawulwa ekhaya. Ngethamsanqa, zonke ezi zi gulane zaphila kwaye ezininzi zazonyangwa ngeeyure ezingaphantsi kweeyure ezingama-24, enye yodwa efuna unyango iintsuku ezintathu.
ILizwi
Ekugqibeleni, i-mescaline yintsimbi ephathekayo eneenkcukacha zenkcubeko eneenkcubeko, kwaye leyo ineyona nto inomdla kwiinkcubeko ezithandwayo. Nangona kunjalo, ayibonakali isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye ingozi, nangona ibalulekileyo, ayibonakali iyinkathazo njengoko inxulumene nezinye iziyobisi ezininzi zokuzonwabisa.
> Imithombo:
> I-Brown, AF "Le Peyotl (Echinocactus Williamsii Lem.): I-plante iyayifumana i-yeux emerveilles." I-Psychological Bulletin, 24 (11), 656-658. 1927.
> I-Carstairs S, uCrerell F. "I-Peyote kunye ne-mescaline exhorensi: ukuhlolwa kwe minyaka eli-12 yenkcazelo ye-poison center." I-Clinical Toxicology, 48 (4): 350-353. 2010.
> Fickenscher A, u-Novins D, uManson S. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-peyote engavumelekanga phakathi kwabantwana base-America ase-Indiya ekunyangwa ngonyango: uphando lokuqala. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi . 41 (8): 1139-1154. 2006.
> Ladd F. "Ukuhlaziywa kweNqaku kwiNgqungquthela yokuxiliswa kweMescal." Ukuhlolwa kweengqondo 4 (5), 541-543. 1897.
> Pardanani JH, McLaughlin JL, Kondrat RW & I-Cook RG. "I-Cactus alkaloids. I-XXXVI. I-Mescaline kunye nama-compounds ahlobene ne- Trichocereus peruvianus." ULloydia 40 (6): 585-590.