Iziboniso, iisellululi, iiMolcular, kunye neenguqu eziSebenzayo kwimimangcwaba ye-Smoker
Abantu abaninzi bakhumbula ukuva malunga nokumahluko phakathi kwemiphunga yokutshaya kunye nemiphunga yempilo eqhelekileyo esikolweni. Usenokukhumbula kwakhona iipowusta ezibonisa amaphepha amnyama, abukeka kakubi aphefumulayo. Ngaba oko kwenzeka ngokwenene? Umoya wocuba uyenze ntoni kwimiphunga?
Ukwahlukana Phakathi kweemingxuma zentsholongwane kunye neMilungwane enempilo eqhelekileyo
Ukuqonda ngokucacileyo umphumo wocuba umsi kwimipompo kufuneka sijonge kwi-anatomy-indlela ukubonakala kwemiphunga kuguquka ngayo, kunye ne-physiology-indlela umsebenzi wemiphunga yokubhema ehluke ngayo kwimiphunga enempilo.
Sekunjalo sifuna ukumba nangaphezulu. Ingaba imiphunga yokutshaya ibonakala ngathi ukuqala ngenguqu onokuyibona kunye neaso isohlwayo, phantsi kweenguqu zofuzo ezincinci ukuba zibonwe phantsi kwe-microscope?
Iipowusta esathetha ngazo zangaphambili azizange zilale. Masiqale ngento enokuyibona ukuba unokwazi ukubheka yonke imiphunga ebonakalayo kwicuba.
Yintoni Umbhenga Wokubhema Ukhangeleka?
Isithombiso esingentla sinyaniseka ukuba imiphunga yombhenga obomini ibonakala njani ekuhloleni okubonakalayo kunye neaso. Kubalulekile ukuchaza ukuba akukho yonke imiphunga emnyama ehambelana nomsi wocuba. Ezinye izikrakra ezinokubakhombiswa zingabangela ukuba kubonakale le ntleko, njengesifo somnyama somphunga ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala kwiimayini zamalahle. Sekunjalo, kulula kakhulu ukuxelela xa ukhangele isethi yemiphunga nokuba ingaba umntu utshaya ngexesha lobomi bakhe.
Uvelaphi umbala omnyama okanye obomvu? Xa uguqula umsi wecuba, kukho iinkulungwane zeengqungquthela ezincinci zisekhabhoni ezifakwe ngaphakathi.
Imizimba yethu inendlela ekhethekileyo yokujongana nale miqabana ukuze ibakhuphe ngaphandle kwendlela ukuba uya kuyenza.
Ngokukhawuleza nje xa uvula umquba womsi wesigareli umzimba wakho uyaqatshelwa ukuba iinyani ezinobuthi zifikile. Iiseli ezivuthayo ziqhubela kwindawo. Olunye uhlobo lwegazi elimhlophe elibizwa ngokuthi i-macrophages linokucingwa ngathi "ngamaloli enkunkuma" kumajoni ethu omzimba. I-acrophage "isondla" iincinci ezimnyama ezinobumba obomnyama kwi-cigaret smoke ngohlelo olubizwa nge-phagocytosis.
Ekubeni la maqhekeza angalimaza nakwiivili zerhasi, zivaliwe kwiincinci ezincinci zigcinwe njengenkunkuma engcolileyo. Bahlala khona. Njengoko i-macrophages engaphezulu kunye ne-diskris eyakhiwa emiphakeni kunye ne-lymph nodes ngaphakathi kwesifuba, imnyama iphakame imiphunga.
Amanqatha eTshwala kwiNqanaba leSelilu
Ukuthatha isantya kwisayizi kunye nokujonga imiphunga ngokusondeleyo, inani elinyukayo lokulimala okunxulumene nocuba lufumaneka. Ngaphantsi kwe-microscope, iiseli kunye nezicubu ezijikelezayo zibonakala zibonakala njengezixeko ezikhethiweyo, kodwa isixeko sichithwa ngumlilo ongcolileyo womsi ohla phezu kwayo.
I-Cilia: I-cilia iincinci ezincinci-ezinjengezixhobo ezixhomekeke kwi-bronchi, kunye ne-bronchioles encinci. Umsebenzi we-cilia kukubamba izinto ezivela ngaphandle ezithatha indlela eya kwi-airways kwaye zithuthumele kwaye ziphume emiphakeni ukuya emqaleni ngomjelo onjalo. Ukusuka emqaleni, lo mbandela unako ukugwinya kunye nokutshabalalisa ngesisu se-acids.
Ngelishwa, i-toxic in smoke smoke, njenge-acrolein kunye ne-formaldehyde iphazamisa le cilia encinci kangangokuthi abanako ukwenza umsebenzi wabo. Oku kubangela ezinye iiconx (ngaphezulu kwama-70 zazo i-carcinogens) kunye nezifo ezithathelwanayo ezishiywe kwimiphunga apho zingonakalisa zombini kwinqanaba leselula kunye nakwizinga le-molecular, utshintsho olunokuthi lukholele kumhlaza kunye nezinye izifo.
I-Mucus: Iiseli ezivuthayo ezithatyathwa kumbonakalo kwi-airways secrete i-mucus ekuphenduleni iichiza ezinobungozi kumsi wesigayi . Le ntumbane inganciphisa umlinganiselo womoya ocebile-oksijini ofikelela kwiindlela ezincinci zomoya apho kukho utshintsho lwegesi. I-Mucus inokubonelela ngomhlaba wokuzalisa okunomsoco wokukhula kweebhaktheriya ezinobungozi.
I-Airways: Ngaphantsi kwe-microscope, i-airways ingabonakala ilulwa-njenge-elastic kwi-short pair of shortcuts. Oku kuncipha kwi-elasticity ebangelwa yizinto zentambo yengqumbo ineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kunye (ezixutyushwa kamva.)
I-Alveoli: I-alveoli iyona encinci yendlela yokuhamba nge-airways kunye nompu wokugqibela oya kuyo indawo ye-oxygen esiyifumayo kuyo.
Ezi alveoli ziqukethe i-elastin kunye ne-collagen eyenza ukuba bandise ngokuphefumlelwa baze bahlukane nokuphela. Konke, indawo yommandla we-alveoli yakho ingama-square metres angama-70, kwaye ukuba wawabeka isicatshulwa waza wawaphelisa ekugqibeleni babeza kugubha inkundla yentenethi.
Iibhoksi kwi-cigarette umonakalo womsila ezi zakhiwo ezincinci ngeendlela ezimbalwa. Kulula ukuba iibhox ziwonakalise izindonga ezincinci ezibangela ukuba ziphule. Umsi wesigaretha uwonakalisa i-alveoli ehlala ihleli, iyanciphisa amandla abo okwandisa kunye nekhontrakthi.
Ukulimala kwi-alveoli yinkinga yokuzihlaziya. Njengoko i-alveoli eninzi ibonakaliswe, kukho ukufaka umoya ngaphezulu kwi-alveoli (umoya awukwazi ukuphefumula) obangela ukuhlenga nokuphuka kwe-alveoli. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ipesenti enkulu ye-alveoli kufuneka ibonakaliswe phambi kweempawu- i-hypoxia ngenxa ye-oksijeni encinci ekhoyo ukuze kwenziwe utshintsho-kwenzeka. Iingxaki zokutshintshwa kwe-oksijeni phakathi kwe-alveoli kunye ne-capillari zixutyushwa ngakumbi ngaphantsi komsebenzi.
Ama-Capillaries: Kwinqanaba lamaselula, akukhona nje izicubu zomphunga ezonakaliswe. Eyona minye imithwalo yegazi, i-capillaries, ehambelana kakhulu neendlela ezincinci zomoya zonakaliswe ngumoya wocuba. Njengoko ukutshaya kungabangela umonakalo kwimithambo yegazi emikhulu (ekugqibeleni ekukhokelela ekuhlaselweni kwentliziyo,) kunokubangela ukonakala kunye nokuqina kweendonga ze-capillary kwimipuphu-iindonga ezifunekayo i-oksijini ukuze zidibanise ne-hemoglobin iiseli zegazi ezibomvu zithathwe emiphakeni ukuya kuwo wonke umzimba.
Iimfumba zeS smoke kwi-Molecular level: i-Genetics ne-Epigenetics
Ukuqonda ngokwenene ukuba ukubhema kubangelwa njani izifo zamaphaphu ezinjengomdlavuza wamaphaphu, kufuneka sijonge ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwiiseli ukuya kwiqondo le-molecular. Eli nqanaba esingenakukubona ngokuthe ngqo ngokukwi-microscope.
Kwi-nucleus nganye yamaseli ethu emaphaphu uphila ubomi bethu be-DNA-iprogram yeseli. Le DNA iqukethe imiyalelo yokwenza zonke iiprotheyini ezifunekayo ukuze iseli ikhule, isebenze, zilungise ngokwazo, kwaye ithi iseli lixesha lokufa xa lidala okanye limalala.
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uye wakuva ukuba uchungechunge lwezitshintsho kwiiseli lijongene noqhagamshelwano phakathi komdlavuza wamaphaphu kunye nokutshaya, kodwa utshintsho oluninzi lusetyenziswa ngaphambi kokuba iseli ibe ngumhlaza. Enyanisweni, ngokuqhelekileyo kukho amawaka ezintshintsho kwiseli enye yamaphaphu echazwe kwicuba.
Ezinye izakhi zofuzo kwiikhowudi zamaseli emiphunga ngamaprotheni anoxanduva lokukhula kunye nokwahlukana kweeseli. Olunye uhlobo lwamajethi olubizwa nge-oncogenes, bangela ukuba iiseli zikhule kwaye zihlukane (nangona zingafanelekanga.). Ezinye izakhi zofuzo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-tumor suppressor jeni, ikhowudi yeeprotheni ezilungisa i-DNA ewonakalisiweyo okanye ekupheliseni iiseli ezimazi ezingenakulungiswa.
Kuye kwafunyanwa iziqendu eziliqela kumsi wesigarethi ngenxa yokuguqulwa komzimba (ziyi-carcinogenic) kodwa izifundo ziye zabonisa iindlela apho iteksi ibangela umonakalo onokubangela umdlavuza. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye i-carcinogens zecuba zibangelwa utshintsho kwi-gene ye-p53, i-tumor suppressor gene, iikhowudi zeeprotheni ezilungisa iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ziwaphelisa ukuze iseli somhlaza singabhalwanga.
Ekugqibeleni, ngaphezu kweenguqu zofuzo ezibangelwa ukutshaya, itekshi ibangela ukuba "i-epigenetic" ishintshe kwiiseli zamaphaphu. Izinguqulelo ze-epigenetic azibhekiseli kutshintsho lwangempela kwi-DNA yeeseli, kodwa indlela iindlela eziphilayo ezibonakalisiweyo.
Amanqaku Ngomsebenzi weeNgqungquthela zeTyhukra ngeMilungwane enempilo: I-Physiology
Njengokuba kukho utshintsho oluninzi olwenzekayo kwimiphunga yomntu otshaya, kukho utshintsho oluninzi olwenzekayo kumgangatho osebenzayo. Uvavanyo lomsebenzi wepulmonary ukuthelekisa abo bashiya nabangabhemki bavame ukubonisa utshintsho kakhulu kusenjenjalo, nakwishumi elivisayo, kunye nexesha elide ngaphambi kokuba kukho naziphi iimpawu.
Amandla okuLungisa kwiimingxuma zikaTyunki ngokubhekiselele kwimimungulu enempilo
Umthamo wesiphelo somthamo, okanye inani elipheleleyo lomoya onokuphefumula xa uthatha umoya ophezulu kunokwenzeka uncipha ngokutshaya ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukubhema kunokubangela umonakalo kwiisifuba ekunciphiseni ukwandiswa okuyimfuneko ukuthatha umoya ophefumlelweyo. Ukunyuka kwe-muscle ehamba phambili kwi-airways kuyachaphazeleka, kwaye kudibene nokulahlekelwa kwe-elasticity, kunokunciphisa inani lokuphefumula umoya. Kwaye kwinqanaba elincinci, xa ikhona i-alveoli embalwa, okanye umoya awukwazi ukufikelela kwi-alveoli, ukuphefumula kukuchaphazeleka. Ezi zinto zisebenza ndawonye kunye nokunciphisa amandla emiphunga.
Ukongezelela kumandla omphunga, ukutshaya kubangela ubunzima bokukhupha i-carbon dioxide echithwa kwi-capillaries emapapeni ukuya kwi-alveoli. Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, ukuncipha kwe-airways enkulu kunye nokunciphisa ukubuyiswa kwe-alveoli kuholela ekutheni uhambo lwentambo. Oku kubangela ukuncipha kwevolumu yokuphefumula.
Ngombulelo, abaphandi baye baqaphela ukuba enye yeenzuzo zokuyeka ukutshaya okwenzeka emva kweeveki ezimbini kuphela ukunyuka kwamandla omphunga kunye nomqulu wokuphefumula.
Ukutshintshwa kwe-oksijeni kwiimingxuma zikaTyunki kunye neMilungwane enempilo
Akukhona nje amandla oksijini ukungena nokudlulela kwi-alveoli, okanye nokuba nenani le-alveoli ephilileyo. I-oksijeni efikelela kuloo alveoli kufuneka idlule kwinqanaba elithile le-alveoli kwaye emva kwe-cell layer layers of capillaries ukufikelela kwi-hemoglobin kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi ukuze zithunyelwe kuwo wonke umzimba.
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, umsi we-cigarette unokuchaphazela zombini i-alveoli kunye nebheyili ye-capillaries eyenza ukuhamba kwe-oksijini kunye ne-carbon dioxide phakathi kobunzima obunzima. Akukhona kuphela indawo engaphantsi kwendawo ekhoyo yokutshintshiselwa kwegesi, kodwa utshintshiselwano luyacatshiswa. Kunzima oksijini ukuba idlule kwiindonga ezinqabileyo ze-alveoli kunye ne-capillaries. Ukuxhatshazwa kwamandla ngumsebenzi wokuvavanywa kwamapulmoni olinganisa lo bunako begesi ukwenza lo tshintsho oluvela kwi-alveoli ukuya kwigazi.
Ezinye iinguqulelo zeMvelo kwiMigungquthela yeS smoke
Kukho utshintsho oluthile olwenzeka kwimiphunga yomntu obhemayo, kwaye abo bachazwe apha baphatha kuphela. Nangona ezinye zezi tshintsho zingaphendulwanga, akukaze ziphele ukuyeka ukutshaya kokubili ukunciphisa umonakalo nokuvumela umzimba wakho ukulungisa umonakalo onokubuyiselwa uphiliswe.
Inqaku eliphantsi: Amangxube aBatshitshi nabangabikhoyo
Ukujonga zonke iinguqu zenkqubo kunye nemisebenzi kwimiphunga yomntu otshaya ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuyeka ukutshaya, nakuba kungekhona nje imiphunga enokukhathazeka. Kukho inkitha yezifo ezibangelwa ukutshaya, kunye necuba edlala indima malunga nayo yonke imizimba yomzimba. Akunjalo nje ngomhlaza wamaphaphu onokukhathazeka. Khangela olu luhlu lweekhansela ezibangelwa ukutshaya xa usenokuba unyanzelekile ukuyeka namhlanje.
Ukuyeka Ukubhema: Uncedo Lufumaneka!
Ngombulelo, ukuyeka ukutshaya nayiphi na ixesha kunokumisa umonakalo omkhulu ekuqhutyeni kwimiphunga yakho kwaye unokunciphisa umngcipheko wakho wokuphuhlisa izifo kunye neentsholongwane ezinxulumene nomkhwa. Siyazi ukuba akulula. Qala namhlanje ngokuyeka ukutshaya isifundo 101 - izizathu zokuyeka ukuza kwenza lo mzamo uzame ukugqiba loo mkhuba.
Imithombo:
Baglietto, L., Ponzi, E., Haycock, P. et al. I-DNA Methylation Utshintsho olulinganisiweyo kwi-Peripheristic Peripheral Iimpawu zeGazi zidibaniswa noKhusela kunye neNgcipheko yomhlaza weLung. Journal International of Cancer . 2016 Septemba 15. (Epub ngaphambi kokuprinta).
Amacandelo okuLawula nokuKhuselwa kwezifo. Indlela Umoya Wobhegi Obangelwa Ngayo Izifo: I-Biology kunye neSiseko Sendlela Yokubhema-Izifo Ezivela Kuyo: Ingxelo Yogqirha Jikelele. 2010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53021/
Gibbons, D., Byers, L., kunye noJ. Kurie. Ukubhema, i-p53 ukuguqulwa komzimba, kunye ne-Cancer Cancer. Uphando lweCometer Cancer . 2014. 12 (1): 3-13.