Nangona i- neurons yimiqobo yesakhiwo somnxibelelwano womzimba, yinkonzo ye-neurons evumela ukuba iimpawu zihambe phakathi kwengqondo nomzimba. Ezi zinxibelelwano ezidibeneyo, ezakhiwe kwi-1 trillion neurons, zenza into eyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo yenzwa .
Inkqubo yesantya yomntu iqulethwe ngamacandelo amabini: inkqubo ye-nervous central, equka ubuchopho kunye nomgudu womgudu, kunye nenkqubo yentsholongwane ye-peripheral, eyenziwa ngamagulane kunye namanethiwekhi amaninzi kuwo wonke umzimba.
Inkqubo ye- endocrine nayo ibalulekile ekunxibelelaneni. Le nkqubo isebenzisa izilonda ezisemzimbeni wonke, ezikhupha ii-hormone ezilawula izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinjenge-metabolism, digestion, uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nokukhula. Nangona inkqubo ye-endocrine ayixhomekeke ngqo kwinkqubo yeentlanzi, ezo zibini zidibanisa ngeendlela ezininzi.
I-Central Central yeNervous System
Inkqubo yesiseko yomnyo (CNS) yenziwe yintliziyo kunye nomthambo womgudu. Indlela ebalulekileyo yokunxibelelana kwi-CNS yi-neuron. Ingqondo kunye nomthambo womgudu kubaluleke kakhulu ebomini nasekusebenzeni, ngoko kukho imithintelo ekhuselekileyo ewajikelezayo ngokuqala ngethambo (i-skull ne-spine) kunye nezicubu zesikhumba ezibizwa ngokuba ngama-meninges. Ukongezelela, zombini izakhiwo zityunjiswe kwinqwelo ekhuselayo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cerebrospinal fluid.
Kutheni kubalulekile ukuba ingqondo nomgudu womgogodla kubaluleke kangaka? Cinga ngezi zakhiwo njenge "liziko" lokwenene lenkqubo yokunxibelelana komzimba.
I-CNS inoxanduva lokucwangcisa zonke iimvakalelo kwaye ucinga ukuba unamava. Ulwazi lolwazi oluqokelelwe ngama-receptors kuwo wonke umzimba luye ludlulise le nkcazelo kwi-system central nervous system. I-CNS iphinda ithumele imilayezo kuwo wonke umzimba ukuze ilawulwe ukunyakaza, izenzo kunye neempendulo kwimeko.
Inkqubo yeNeripheral yeNervous
Inkqubo yendlela yokusebenza (PNS) iqulethwe ngamanani amaninzi aphumayo ngaphandle kwenkqubo ye-nervous central. Amagulane kunye namanethiwekhi omnxeba awenza i-PNS ngokwenene imithwalo ye-axon ukusuka kwiiseli ze-neuron. Amagulane angathatha ukusuka kumancinci ukuya kumathambo amakhulu anokubonwa lula ngeso luntu.
I-PNS inokuphinda ihlulwe zibe ziinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: inkqubo ye-naticous system kunye ne-autonomic system.
Inkqubo yeSomatic yeNervous : Inkqubo ye-somatic idlulisela uxhulumaniso lonxibelelwano kwaye ixanduva lokunyakaza nokuzithandela. Le nkqubo iqulethwe ngeesonons, ezithwala ulwazi oluvela kwiimbilini ukuya kwingqondo kunye nomgudu womgudu, kunye ne-motor (efferent) neurons, ezithumela ulwazi kwi-system central neervous fibers.
Inkqubo ye-Nervous Autonomic : I-system ye-nerveous autonomic inoxanduva lokulawula imisebenzi engabonakaliyo njengemibandela ethile yentliziyo, ukuphefumula, ukugaya kunye nokuxinzelelwa kwegazi. Le nkqubo inxulumene neempendulo zomzwelo ezifana nokuthuthumela nokukhala. I-autonomic system inokuphinda ihlukaniswe kwiinkqubo eziphantsi ezimbini ezibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo enovelwano kunye neepasympathetic systems.
- Inkqubo Yomdla: Uvelwano oluvelwano lulawula ukuphendula komzimba kwiimeko ezikhawulezayo. Xa le nkqubo ivukile, izinto ezininzi ziqala ukuvela: intliziyo yakho kunye namazinga okuphefumla ayenyuka, ukugaya kugxininisa okanye ukuyeka, abafundi bahlaziya kwaye uqala ukuthukuma. Eyaziwayo njengempendulo yokulwa-okanye-yindiza , le nkqubo iphendula ngokulungiselela umzimba wakho ukuba ulwe nengozi okanye ubalekele.
- Inkqubo ye-Nervous System: I-system ye-neasympathetic ye-nervous isebenza ngokumalunga ne-sympathetic system. Emva kwentlekele okanye ingozi idlule, le nkqubo inceda ukuzinzisa umzimba. Intliziyo kunye nokuphefumula kwamazinga, ukugaya i-digestion, isivumelwano somfundi kunye nokujuluka kuyaphela.
I-Endocrine System
Njengoko kuphawuliwe kwangaphambili, inkqubo ye-endocrine ayiyona inxalenye yenkqubo ye-nervous, kodwa isabalulekile ekunxibelelaneni kuwo wonke umzimba. Le nkqubo yenziwe ngeengqungquthela, ezithumela izithunywa zeekhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuba yi-hormone.
IiHormone zithathwa kwigazi kwiindawo ezithile zomzimba, kubandakanywa izitho kunye nezicubu zomzimba. Ezinye zezona ziqulatho ze-endocrine ezibalulekileyo ziquka i-pineal gland, i-hypothalamus, i-pituitary gland, i-thyroid, i-ovari kunye nee-testes. Ngalunye lwezi zilwanyana zisebenza ngeendlela eziliqela kwiindawo ezithile zomzimba.
Ngako-ke i-endocrine kunye nenkqubo yeentlanzi ixhunyiwe njani? Isakhiwo sengqondo esaziwa njenge hypothalamus sidibanisa ezi zimbini iinkqubo zokunxibelelana ezibalulekileyo. I-hypothalamus yiqoqo elincinci le-nuclei elijongene nokulawula ubuninzi bokuziphatha. Efumaneka kwisiseko se-forebrain, i-hypothalamus ilawula izidingo ezisisiseko ezifana nokulala, ukulamba, ukoma, nokulala ngokwesondo kwiimpendulo zengqondo kunye neengxaki. I-hypothalamus iphinda ilawule iimbumba ze-pituitary, ezize zilawule ukukhululwa kwama-hormone ukusuka kwezinye iingqungquthela kwiinkqubo ze-endocrine.