Inethwekhi yenethiwekhi engagqibekanga isebenza ngexesha lokuphumla
Ngaba unokucinga ukuba ukunyanzelisa ukuba kuyenzeka njani ukuba ucinge ngeento zonke ezincinane ozenzayo kuyo yonke imihla?
Ngethamsanqa, iingqondo zethu ziyazula kwaye senza imihla ngemihla xa senza imisebenzi eqhelekileyo, njengokuqhuba umqhubi ukuya emsebenzini, ukuhlamba okanye ukutyilisa izityalo. Okuthakazelisayo, inxalenye efanayo yengqondo idibaniswe kokubili ukuya kwimihla yokuzimela yememori: i-network modal default (DMN).
Ngaphezu koko, uphando olutsha lubonisa ukuba i-DMN idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela yokuzenzekelayo.
Inethiwekhi yeMeko yokuPhepha
I-DMN, okanye "inethiwekhi yomhlaba," isasazeka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, edibeneyo ye-cortex, kubandakanywa phambili, i-parietal, kunye ne-lobes temporal. I-cortex yindawo engaphandle yengqondo .
Ngokukodwa, i-DMN ihlukaniswe zibehlulo ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- I-media ye-media prefrontal cortex
- I-cororsx ye-preforalal correx
- I-cortex engasemva kwendawo kunye ne-precuneus yangasese kunye ne-coral (later) ye-parietal cortex (okt, indawo ye-Brodmann 39)
I-cororx ye-entorhinal nayo iboshwe kwi-DMN.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-correx ye-prefrontal iphambi kwengqondo kwaye ilawula ingcamango ecacileyo, ukuziphatha nokuvakalelwa.
Njengokuba kukho izinto ezininzi kwisayensi, ukufunyanwa kwe-DMN kwakunobunzima. Ngo-1997, ukusebenzisa i-positron-emission tomography, uhlobo lwe-brain-imaging study, i-Shulman kunye nabalingane abafumanisa ukuba xa kuthelekiswa nokuphumla kwegazi, ukuhamba kwegazi kwiinkalo zengqondo zancitshiswe ngelixa kuqhuba entsha, engezona yedwa imisebenzi edibeneyo.
Ingqalelo, ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwegazi kule mimandla yengqondo kuthetha ukuthinteka komsebenzi.
Ngo-2001, uRaichle kunye noogxa bakhe bathabatha inyathelo elilandelayo elibalulekileyo ekuqaliseni ukuba lo msebenzi uyancipha bekungenayo i-fluke ... ukuba ayengekho inxaxheba kwimeko yokuphumla ebangelwa iingcamango ezingalawulekiyo.
Kwinqaku lokuhlaziywa ka-2015 elibizwa ngokuthi "I-Network's Default Mode Network", uRaichle ubhala oku kulandelayo:
Sasebenzisa imilinganiselo ye-positron emission tomography (PET) ye-blood flow zone kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-oksijeni ukubonisa, ngokumisela imilinganiselo yokusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi, ezo ndawo zihlala zibonisa ukunciphisa umsebenzi ngexesha lokusebenza komsebenzi azizange zenziwe kwiindawo zokuphumla. Inqaku lethu libizwe ngokuthi, 'Indlela yokuPhepha yeBongo. Saphetha ukuba iingingqi zengqondo zanciphisa ukunciphisa umsebenzi wazo ngexesha lokuqwalasela-ukufuna izinto, imisebenzi ejoliswe yinjongo ayizange isebenze kwimeko yokuphumla kodwa, kunoko, yayibonakalisa inhlangano engabonakaliyo ngaphambili kwintsebenzo yengqondo okanye eqhubekayo yengqondo.
Ngo-2015, ukufunyanwa kwe-DMN kuye kwazala amaphepha angama-3000 ngesihloko. Siye safunda ukuba i-DMN iyasebenza kakhulu xa abantu behlala bodwa kunye neengcamango zabo okanye benza izinto ezizenzekelayo, ezixilisayo, ezizifundayo phantsi kweemeko ezithile kwiimeko ezizinzile-njengokubukela ibhayisikobho okanye ukuqhuba imoto ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Ezi ndawo zindawo zokuphumula xa umntu engagxilwanga kwilizwe langaphandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwiindawo zokulinga ezicingelwayo ezinzulu kunye nokuchithwa kwengqondo-kufana nokucinga i-puzzle-i-DMN ingasebenzi.
Iindima ezininzi ze-DMN zisacacisiwe. I-DMN ixhunyiwe kwimemoridi yememori kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwememori kunye neenkqubo zentlalo kunye nezizimeleyo. I-DMN idibaniswe nokucinga ngekamva, ukukhumbula ngokudlulileyo, kunye nobuchule. NgokukaRaichle, kubantu, uphando lubonise ukuba i-DMN "iqinisekisa iinkqubo ezixhasa ukuphathwa kwemvakalelo (VMPC), umsebenzi wokwenza ngengqondo (self-referential mental activity) (DMPC), kunye nokukhumbula kwangaphambili amava."
Kuhlolisiso luka-2009 olupapashwe kwi- Human Brain Mapping , u-Uddin kunye nababhali-mbhalisi babhale oku kulandelayo malunga ne-DMN: "Nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba enye ingcamango ecacileyo iya kuvela ichaza amandla okunxibelelana ukuxhasa ezohlukeneyo zemisebenzi, ubuninzi obukhulu ukuba inethiwekhi yendlela engapheli iqukethe iziqendu ezihlukeneyo zokusebenza okanye i-subnetworks. "
Okuthakazelisayo, ngexesha lokucamngca, umsebenzi we-DMN uyancipha. Oku kufumanisa kunengqiqo kuba ukucamngca ngexesha lokunciphisa ingqondo ejikelezayo kunye nengcamango yokuzimela. Ngethuba lokucamngca, umntu ugxininisa kumava okukhawuleza aze aguqule ingqalelo kwizinto eziphazamisayo.
DMN kunye ne-Autopilot
I-DMN ibonwa kuqala njengolwazi olubanzi ngokubanzi kumntu wangaphandle nangaphakathi. Ngenxa yokuba i-DMN ibonwe kuqala ngexesha lokuphumla, ilinga ukucinga ukuba i-DMN ibhekene noxanduva lokulungelelanisa, ukuguquka kwengqondo kunye neengcamango zangaphandle. Ukuqonda ngokungaqhelekanga kubandakanya iingcamango malunga nexesha elidlulileyo nelizayo, eliphinde lijongene nendima ebonwayo ye-DMN. Nangona kunjalo, i-DMN idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqapheliseni.
Ngophando lwango-2017 olubizwa ngokuthi "Igalelo lendlela yokuzimela kwi-automated information processing," ababhali be-Vatansever kunye nababhali be-co-ordinators bafumana ukuba i-DMN iguqula ubuchopho kwi-memory-based autopilot emva kokuba siqonde umsebenzi. Ababhali bacacisa isakhelo esinokwenzeka kule nkqubo.
I-Vatansever kunye nababhali be-co-ordinate baxhomekeka ukuba ubuchopho bethu bunamathele ekuqhubekeleni phambili iziganeko zangaphandle. Sisoloko sigxina naziphi na izitenxo kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo ukwenza isiseko sezinto esizilindeleyo. Ezi zilindelwe zisetyenziselwa ukwazisa ukuthatha izigqibo nokutolika, ukuqikelela, nokuthatha izinto kwiimfuno zokusingqongileyo.
Eneneni, umsebenzi wangaphakathi wengqondo, ngokukodwa kwi-DMN, esebenzisa inxalenye enkulu yengqondo yamanzi, iphakanyiswa ukuba ibonise imodeli yangaphakathi yehlabathi enokukunceda ekuchazeni indawo esikuyo. Nangona ukucwangciswa kwangaphambili kunokuba yindlela eqhelekileyo apho ingqondo iqhuba iinkcukacha ngokubanzi, yintoni ekwahlula i-DMN ukukwazi ukubonelela indawo efanelekileyo yokusebenzela ukuguqulwa kolwazi kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo okubanzi kunye nokusebenza kuyo yonke ingqondo kwaye ngokukodwa ukufikelela kwiinkcukacha ezisekelwe kwimemori. Isikhundla esihlanganisiweyo se-DMN sicingelwa ukuba siyinqaku lokuqaphela, amanqanaba athe ahlanganiswa ngaphambili ne-DMN.
Kulo cwaningo, abaphandi beYunivesithi yaseCambridge baqeshe abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-28 ukuba bahlanganyele emsebenzini ngelixa belele kwi-scanner ye-MRI. Abathathi-nxaxheba baboniswe amakhadi amane kwaye bacela ukuba balinganise nekhadi elijoliswe kule makhadi amane. Ikhadi elijoliswe kuyo linokulingana nombala, umlo, okanye inombolo, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bafumane umgaqo wokulingana. Umtshini weMRI osebenzayo walinganisa amaqondo e-oksijeni kwingqondo, eyasebenza njengelungu lomsebenzi wengqondo.
Kukho amabini amabini kulo msebenzi. Isigaba sokuqala kwakufunyanwa apho amavolontiya afunda ukulinganisa umgaqo ngokusebenzisa ityala kunye nephutha. Isigaba sesibini sasisicelo apho amavolontiya aye sele eqikelele umgaqo kwaye ngoku ayayisebenzisa.
Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba ngexesha lokufumana izinto, ukucocwa kwenethiwekhi kwintsebenziswano. Ingqwalasela yokunxibelelanisa inethiwekhi idibaniswe nokucwangciswa kwengcaciso efuna ingqalelo. Ngethuba lesithuba sithuba, xa abathathi-nxaxheba sele bebazi umgaqo kwaye bebeyisebenzisa kuphela, i-DMN yayisebenza.
Abaphandi baphinde babone ukuba ngexesha lesicelo, ulwalamano olunzulu phakathi komsebenzi kwi-DMN kunye nendawo yengqondo echaphazelekayo kwimemori enjenge-hippocampus, ngokukhawuleza abathathi-nxaxheba bakwazi ukuphendula umsebenzi. Oku kufunyaniswa kukubonisa ukuba ngexesha lesicelo, ubuchopho bekungena kwimemori, kwaye buphendule kulo msebenzi usebenzisa umyalelo kwimemori.
Kubonakala ukuba i-DMN kunye nokudibanisa kwayo eyahlukileyo kuyo yonke ingqondo inceda ukuseka isakhelo esisebenzayo kwingqondo. Kwiimeko ezimiselweyo kunye namaxesha okuphumla okuphumayo okanye okuqhelekileyo, i-DMN yenza izibikezelo ezisekelwe kwimemori kwaye ngaloo ndlela sivumela ukuba sisebenze ngokuzimela. Nangona kunjalo, xa i-DMN ingakwazi ukuqikelela ikusasa ngendlela ethembekileyo, i-autopilot ishintshela kwimodi "yobunkokeli" kunye neengqondo zengqondo ejongene nolwazi olufunayo.
Ngokwabaphandi, esi sikhokelo esisungulwe yi-DMN sinokubonelela "i-scaffold ebaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni nje kuphela umsebenzi oqhubekayo we-DMN kwiimeko 'zokuphumla' ezizinzile, kodwa negalelo layo ekusebenzisaneni kwezentlalo (umz., Ingcamango yengqondo, intuition, kunye nokuzithengisa), ukuqonda ngokweenqobo, ubugcisa, kunye nezinye iindidi zeengcamango zonke ezifuna ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo kolwazi olufunyenweyo lokubikezela ihlabathi elisijikelezayo. "
Impembelelo
Njengendima ye-DMN ngokwayo, impembelelo yocwaningo lwe-DMN eyenziwa nguVatansever libanzi kwaye lunokusinceda siqonde ngakumbi imeko efana nokulimala kwengqondo ebuhlungu. Ngokulimala kwengqondo ebuhlungu, iingxaki zememori kunye nokungazenzisi kwenza ukuba ukuhlaziywa kwezenhlalakahle kunzima. Ukongezelela, ezi ziphumo zingasinceda siqonde ezinye iintlobo zesifo sengqondo kubandakanya ukutshabalalisa , ukuxinezeleka , kunye nokukhathazeka okugqithisileyo . Ekugqibeleni, olu phando lunokukunceda ukucwangcisa iindlela zokusebenzisa iziyobisi ezinobungozi.
Okukwintsusa
Ukususela ekufunyanweni kwayo malunga neminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, i-DMN ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kubaphandi bezesayensi kwaye iye yasiza indlela esicinga ngayo ngokusebenza kwengqondo. Ngonyaka ngamnye odlulayo, sifunda ngokubanzi malunga nale nethwekhi eninzi edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqapheliseni. Uphando olucacisa indima yayo kwimemori-esekelwe kwi-memory-based autopilot ithatha ukuqonda kwethu i-DMN inyathelo elilodwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba i-DMN ayikho nje ingxolo engummangaliso kwaye iyindlela efanelekileyo yolwazi.
Kwinqaku yokugqibela, ukuqonda okungcono kwe-DMN kuye kwanceda ekukhanyiseni amava angaphakathi. Cinga le ngcaciso ngeCallard kunye neMargulies kwi-athikili ethi "Yintoni esiyithethayo xa sithetha nge-network mode"
I-DMN iye yavelisa ngokuphawulekayo ekuveliseni iinkalo kunye neendlela ezichazwe apha kwiingingqi ze-neuroscience-nangokwenjenjalo, kwaneziganeko ezinjalo, zavelisa imigca emitsha yokucinga kunye nendlela yokwenza imibuzo. Izihloko ezinjenge-minding-wandering, ezacatshangelwa phambili ngokugqithiseleyo ngaphandle kweengcamango zengqondo, ziye zavela njengemimandla efuthe yophando. Abaphengululi be-Neuropsychoanalytic baye bafumana i-DMN ibe yingcamango ecebileyo yokuqhubela phambili amaqhinga ngamandla e-psychic, iingcinga ze-psychodynamic ngokuzimela ngokuphathelele izinto kunye neengcamango.
> Imithombo:
> Callard F, iMargulies DS. Oko sikuthethayo xa sithetha nge-network mode engapheliyo. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014; 8: 619.
> Raichle ML. Inethiwekhi Yendlela Yendlela Yokungafani. Annu. UMfundisi uNeurosci. 2015. 38: 433-47.
> Uddin LQ, et al. Ukuxhuma ngokusebenza kwezixhobo zenethiwekhi ezizenzekelayo: ulungelelaniso, ukungalingani, kunye nobungozi. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 Feb; 30 (2): 625-37.
> Vatansever D, Menon DK, Stamatakis EA. Iminikelo yokungafaniyo yendlela yokwenza ulwazi ngokuzenzekelayo. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 2017; pii: 201710521.