Ngomhla ka-Meyi 2013, i-American Psychiatric Association (APA) yashicilela uhlelo lwesihlanu lweNcwadana yokuHlola kunye neSatistim of Disabilities (DSM-5). I-DSM inikezela ukuhlengahlengiswa kweemeko zempilo yengqondo, kusetyenziswa iindlela zokubeka kunye nolwimi oluqhelekileyo. Ngeli phephancwadi elitsha, i-APA zombini yalungisa kwaye yandisa ukuhlengahlengiswa kwengxaki yokuxinwa kweengxaki (post-traumatic disorder disorder) kunye neempawu zayo, imeko ebonakala kuqala kwi-DSM ngo-1980.
Ulwahlulo olutsha
Kwangaphambili ihlelwe njengengxaki yokuxhalabisa, i-PTSD ngoku ibonwa "yintlungu kunye neengxaki ezihambelana nomxinzelelo." Ukuphazamiseka kwezi zigaba, ezifana ne-PTSD, ingxaki yokuxilwa kanzima (ASD), ingxaki yokuguqula (AD), ingxaki yokuncedisa i-RAD kunye ne-RAD. ukuxhatshazwa kweengxaki zokubambisana kwezentlalo (DSED) zonke zidinga ukunyanzeliswa kwengcinezelo yobomi obuninzi ngenxa yeso simo. Kwimeko ye-PTSD ne-ASD, umxinzelelo kufuneka abe nexinzelelo.
Kwi-PTSD, ukuvezwa okubuhlungu kunokuvela kumnye wemithombo emine: ukufumaneka ngokuthe ngqo kwintlungu ; ukubonelela ngengozi kumntu; ukufunda umhlobo osondeleyo okanye isihlobo esinobudlelwane obunzima (ukungabikho ngqo); kunye nokuphindaphindiweyo okanye ngokugqithisileyo ngokuchasene ngqo kwiinkcukacha ezithintekayo zesiganeko - ngokuqhelekileyo kwixesha lemisebenzi yobungcali. I-DSM ichaza ngokucacileyo njengemizekelo yesine yomthombo abo baqeqeshi baqhubeka bebonakaliswe kwiinkcukacha zokuxhaphazwa kwabantwana (njengabasebenzi bezentlalo) nabaphenduli bokuqala abajongene nokuqokelela inxalenye yomzimba.
I-DSM ayiboni "ukuchasana ngokungahambelani nongcali kwezobugcisa kwi-media media, ithelevishini, iifilimu okanye imifanekiso" ukuba ibe ngumthombo wentlekele ye-PTSD. Ukubonakaliswa koxinzelelo ku-Criterion A ye-PTSD kwi-DSM.
Ikhrayithi B ibhekisela kwimpawu yokungena, kubandakanywa iinkumbulo eziphindaphindiweyo malunga nomcimbi; iindlobongela ezibuhlungu; kunye ne-dissociative flashbacks.
Icandelo C lijolise ekukhuselweni kweengcamango okanye iimvakalelo ezihambelana noxinzelelo; okanye ukuphepha kwabantu, indawo, imisebenzi okanye izinto ezikhonza njengezikhumbuzo zangaphandle.
Igqirha D libhekiselele ekutshintsheni okungalunganga ekuqondeni nasekuxhaseni. Iimpawu ziquka i-dissociative amnesia; iinkolelo ezingapheliyo kunye nezikhohlakeleyo ezizenzekelayo; iimvakalelo ezinxulumene neentlungu ezinjengokwesaba, umsindo kunye neentloni; nciphisa umdla kwizinto ezibalulekileyo ezibangelwa phambili; iimvakalelo zokuhlukana; kunye nokungakwazi ukuvakalelwa emoyeni.
I-Criterion E iindawo zokuguqula ukuvuselela kunye nokusebenza, kwaye kubandakanya ukuziphatha kakubi; ukuguquka; iimpendulo zokusasaza; iingxaki ekugxilwe kuzo; ukuziphatha okuzilimazayo okanye ukungenangqondo; nobunzima bokulala.
Ukwenza Uxilongo
Ukuze kuhlolwe i-PTSD, iimpawu ezidweliswe kwi-criteria B nge-E kufuneka ziqhubeke ubuncinane inyanga; kufuneka bangela ukucinezeleka okukhulu okanye ukuphazamiseka; kwaye akufuneki ngenxa yonyango, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye esinye isifo. (Imilinganiselo F-H)
Kukho iindlela ezikhethiweyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuxilonga abantwana abaneminyaka engama-6 kunye nabancinane kunye ne-PTSD; le fomu ye-PTSD yaziwa ngokuba yi-subtype yasesikolweni. Ngokomzekelo, kwiCriteri B ukufakwa kwangaphakathi kunokuba kufumaneke ukudlala ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye neendlobongela akufuneki ukuxela ngokucacileyo ngentlekele.
Ukucaphuka kwabo kungabonakalisa njengomsindo ogqithiseleyo. Abantwana banokuphinda baxubushe ngokugqithisa ngokudlala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, banokurhoxiswa kunye nokunyanzeliswa komdlalo kungenzeka.
Ukuxilongwa kwe-PTSD kuye kwatshintshwa ngokuqonda ukuphuhliswa kokuphuhliswa kwindlela ukukhubazeka kuboniswa ngayo kumaqela ahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, uluhlu lokuhlola uphando olusesikolweni lukwabandakanya iimpawu ezithile ezingabandakanyekanga kubantwana abancinci, kubandakanya i-disnesative amnesia kunye nokuzimela. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantwana abancinane ababonisi ukuziphatha okungenangqondo, okudla ngokubonakalayo kubantu abadala abadala be-PTSD, kwaye abayiva neengcamango zexesha elizayo ekujoliswe kuzo ngenxa yokuqonda kwabo kwinqanaba lexesha ngokwalo.
Bobabini abantwana kunye nabadala bobabini banokuthi bafumane i-subtype ye-dissociative ye-PTSD, into entsha yokungena kwi-DSM-5. Ukongezelela ekuboniseni iimpawu ezaneleyo zokufumana ukuxilongwa ngokubanzi kwe-PTSD, isiguli sinokungezelela ukubonisa ukuxhomekeka komntu (ukuxhomekeka kwedwa) kunye / okanye ukuchithwa (ukuphazamiseka kwenyaniso okanye ukungazi) ezinxulumene ne-PTSD flashbacks.
Iimpawu ze-PTSD zikhona ngokukhawuleza emva koxinzelelo, nangona isigulane asikwazi ukuhlangabezana nayo yonke imigaqo. Ukuba ukuxilongwa kuthathwa ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu emva kokusasazeka kwangaphambili, ukuxilongwa kuthathwa ngokuba yi-"PTSD".
Iimpembelelo ze-PTSD malunga neepesenti ezisibhozo zamaMerika njengento ethile ebomini babo.
> Umthombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Amaphuzu avela kwiinguqu ezivela kwi-DSM-IV-TR ukuya kwi-DSM-5. IWashington, DC: Ukushicilela i-Psychiatric American.