Utywala kunye neMichiza into ephezulu kwipesenti
Ubukhulu becala lendima yokuba iziyobisi kunye nokusela kotywala kudlalwa kwiinkqubo zobugebengu eUnited States mhlawumbi akunakwenzeka ukuzimisela, kodwa kubonakala ngokubaluleka ngokubhekiselele kwiinkcukacha ezivela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo karhulumente.
Nangona amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho abonisa ukuba bakholelwa ukuba umoni ophantsi kotywala okanye iziyobisi ungaphantsi kwesigamu sobundlobongela obundlobongela, iimvavanyo zamachiza kulabo ababanjelwe ukulwa neentyala zibonisa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi eziphezulu kakhulu.
Ngamanye amaxesha iziyobisi kunye notywala zidlala indima ekusebenzeni kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho nangona xa abaphuliyo bengekho phantsi kwefuthe ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho lwenziwa. Abaninzi abaphulaphuli benza ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuze bafumane imali yokufumana iziyobisi.
Xa ungeze ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziweyo ngenxa yempembelelo yotywala okanye iziyobisi, iziphoso zolwaphulo-mthetho ezihlobene neziyobisi, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluphambene nomthetho ngokwalo mthetho luphulo-mthetho, inxaxheba yotywala kunye neziyobisi kulwaphulo-mthetho.
Iimbono zabaxhatshazwa ngabasebenzisi beeNkunkuma kunye noTywala
I-Bureau ye-Justice ye-Statistics yase-United States iqokelela idatha evela kumaxhoba obundlobongela obundlobongela malunga nokuba ngaba amaxhoba bacinga ukuba umoni osebenzisa iziyobisi okanye utywala ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokweengcamango zamaxhoba, abaphulaphuli babephantsi kwefuthe ngexesha lokuthunyelwa kwezi zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho:
- Ulwaphulo-mthetho, u-24.2 wepesenti
- Ukuhlaselwa okanye ukuhlaselwa ngokwesondo, iipesenti ezingama-30.0
- Ukuphanga, iipesenti ezingama-23.3
- Ukuhlaselwa, iipesenti ezingama-24.1
- Ukuhlaselwa okuhluthayo, iipesenti ezingama-26.2
- Ukuhlaselwa okulula, i-23.5 ekhulwini
Phakathi kwamaNdiya aseMerika, amaxhoba anikezela ukusetyenziswa kotywala ngabantu abaphuliyo ngamaphesenti angama-62 exeshana, xa kuthelekiswa nama-42 ekhulwini labantu bonke. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela baseNdiya baseMelika apho ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwakumiselwe ama-48 ekhulwini basebenzisa utywala, iipesenti ezingama-9 zisebenzisa iziyobisi, kunye ne-14 ekhulwini basebenzisa zombini.
Ukubambisa i-Drug Abuse Monitoring Data
Ulwazi oluqokelelwa yiNational Institute of Justice ngokusebenzisa i-Arreste Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) nkqubo lithetha ibali elihlukileyo lokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi phakathi kwabaphulaphuli.
Iprogram ye-ADAM II iqokelela iisampuli zomchamo kumadoda arrestees kwiindawo ezili-10 kumabakala amahlanu eMelika: i-Atlanta, GA (i-Fulton County); Chicago, IL (Cook County); Denver, CO (County Denver); ENew York, NY (iBorgan Manhattan); kunye neSacramento, CA (kwiNgingqi yeSacramento).
I-Arrestees ivivinywa iziyobisi ezili-10 : i-marijuana, i-cocaine metabolites, i-opiates, i-amphetamine / i-methamphetamine, i-barbiturates, i-benzodiazepine, i-buprenorphine, i-methadone, i-PCP kunye ne-oxycodone.
Idatha ye-ADAM inikezela ngamanyathelo, iinjongo ze-biological zokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kunye nokusetyenziswa okuzenzekelayo phakathi kwabo babanjwe kwaye bahlawulwa ngokubhekiselele kulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye banikezela indlela yokongamela ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa phakathi kwabaphulaphuli.
Amaphuzu avela kwi-ADAM II Iziphumo
Nazi ezinye zezinto eziphambili ezivela kwi-ADAM II yokuqokelelwa kwedatha yakutsha nje ngo-2013:
- Abo ba-arrestees abavavanywe kakuhle kwiziyobisi bevela kuma-63 ekhulwini e-Atlanta ukuya kuma-83 ekhulwini eChicago naseSigramento
- Abo baneziyobisi ezininzi kwiinkqubo zabo bavela kwi-12 ekhulwini kwi-Atlanta ukuya kuma-50 e-Sacramento
- I-Marijuana yayisisitofu esasetyenziswa kakhulu phakathi kwe-arrestees, ukusuka kuma-34 ekhulwini e-Atlanta ukuya kuma-59 ekhulwini eSigramento.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cocaine kwaqhubeka nokwehla okukhulu kwiindawo zonke.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwe- cockine ye-crackine kwenyuka kuphela eNew York kodwa kunqatshelwe kwezinye iindawo.
- Ukuqhubela phambili kwindlela yokusebenzisa i-opiates (heroin, morphine, opiate synthetic opiates) yayibaluleke kuzo zonke iindawo
- UDenver noSigramento babone ukwanda okwenziwe kwi-opiates kunye ne-methamphetamine ukususela ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2013.
- Ubukho be heroin buzinzile kuzo zonke iindawo kodwa iNew York apho ubunzima bokuthenga isiza (ukungaphumeleli ukuthengwa) kwaphuma kuma-77 ekhulwini ngo-2007 ukuya kuma-35 ekhulwini kuphela ngo-2013.
Ukwenza Amatyala Okufumana Iziyobisi
Ukuqikelelwa kweepesenti ezili-17 zamabanjwa aseburhulumenteni kunye nama-18 ekhulwini amabanjwa aseburhulumenteni axelele ukuba ayenzile ubugebengu abaye bavalelwa ukufumana imali yokuthenga iziyobisi.
Abo bawenza ubugebengu ukuze bafumane imali yeziyobisi banakho amathuba okwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwepropati kunye neenkunkuma zamachiza (ukurhweba) ngaphandle kobugqwetha obundlobongela kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwabantu.
Phakathi kweentolongo ezithweswe ubugebengu bepropati, ezi pesenti ze-arrestees zibikwe ziphantsi kwefuthe leziyobisi ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho:
- Ukuphanga, ama-56 ekhulwini
- Iziplanu zokuphulwa kweepesenti ezingama-56
- Burglary 55 ekhulwini
- Iinqwelo zokuba utywala ama-55 ekhulwini
Izilwanyana ezinxulumene noTywala
Iziphathamandla ziqikelela ukuba abaqhubi abayizigidi ezi-1.5 ngonyaka babanjelwe ukuqhuba ngokuqhutywa kwefuthe e-United States. Oku guqulela kwi-1,250 yokubanjwa kwabo bonke abashayeli abayi-100,000.
Abaqhubi bavumelekile ngokusemthethweni xa i-blood concentrations concentrations (BACs) .08 amagremu nge-deciliter (g / dL) okanye ngaphezulu kuwo onke ama-50 nakwiSithili sase-Columbia.
Ukuphahlazeka okubulalayo okubandakanya umqhubi ophethe i-BAC ye -08 okanye ngaphezulu kuthethwa ngokuba yingozi yokuphuza utywala , kunye nokufa okubangelwa kwezo ziphazamiso kuthathwa njengobunxilongo-ukushayela iingozi, ngokubhekiselele kwi-National Highway Traffic Safety Lawulo.
Kwiingxelo ze-NHTSA, igama elithi "ukungaphumeleli kotywala" alubonakali ukuba ukuphazamiseka okanye ukubulawa kwezinto kubangelwa ukuphuza utywala, kuphela ukuba umqhubi ophuze utywala wabandakanyeka ekuqhubeni.
Abantu abayi-9,967 abafa ngotywala-ukushayela ukushayela ngo-2014 kuquka:
- Abaqhubi abayi-6,391 abane-BAC .08 okanye ngaphezulu
- Abagibeli abayi-1,511 bekhwele ngomqhubi onxila
- 1241 abahlala kwezinye iinqwelo
- Ezingama-834 abangenabangozi (abahamba ngeenyawo, njl.)
Othile Ufa Ngama-53 Amaminithi Ngokuphazamiseka Kwe-Alcohol-Related Related
Nazi iziphumo eziphambili kwi-NHTSA ye-Hi-T-alcohol Report-Impaired Reporting Driving Report, epapashwe ngoDisemba 2015:
- Umyinge we-1 otywala-onokukhubazeka-ukushisa ukuqhuma kwenzeka yonke imizuzu engama-53 ngo-2014.
- Ukuphazamiseka kotywala kotywala kubangelwa ipesenti ezingama-19 zazo zonke izingozi zendlela yokubulala phakathi kwabantwana abayi-14 nabancinci.
- Utywala obunobungozi obuphazamisayo nabaqhubi abadakiwe babephezulu phakathi kwabagibeli bezithuthuthu (iipesenti ezingama-29) xa kuthelekiswa neemoto zithuthi (iipesenti ezingama-22), amaloli amachiza (iipesenti ezingama-22), kunye namaloli amakhulu (2 ekhulwini).
- Isantya sokuphazamiseka kwesifo sotywala esiphathekayo esichengelayo utywala phantse ngokuphindwe kabini ebusuku.
- Kulo-9,967 ukubulawa kotywala ngo-2014, iipesenti ezingama-69 zabandakanya abaqhubi abane-BAC .15 okanye ngaphezulu.
Imithombo:
I-Bureau of Justice Statistics. Ukuxhatshazwa kwezobugebengu eUnited States - Ubundlobongela bucala - Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi / utywala . " Ushicilelo luka- 2008
I-Bureau of Justice Statistics. " Iimpawu zezobisi kunye nezobuCalulo ." Ushicilelo> Feb Feb 2012
Ulawulo lwezoKhuseleko lweSiThutho kaZwelonke. "Utywala-Ukungahambi kakuhle." Iinkcukacha zoKhuseleko lweZithuthi kwiDisemba 2015
I-Ofisi yeSizwe yoMgaqo-nkqubo woLawulo lweziyobisi. "Ukubambisa iNkqubo yokuLawulwa kweziyobisi kakubi." Umgaqo-nkqubo noPhando ngoDisemba 2013