Ukucinga okufutshane kungabangela ingxaki kwi-ADHD
Ukunqongophala kwengxaki yokuxhatshazwa kwengxaki (ADHD) ichazwa ngamacandelo amathathu ahlukeneyo:
- uhlobo olungapheliyo
- uhlobo oluthile lokungachukumisi
- uhlobo oludibeneyo
Abanye abantu abaneentlobo ezingapheliyo ze-ADHD zibonisa kwakhona i-subset yeempawu ezibonakaliswa ngokuziphatha okulukhuni kunye nokuqonda kwengqondo.
Le ngqungquthela yeempawu ezichazwe ngokuthi "i-tempo engenangqondo" (okanye i-SCT).
Iimpawu zeSCT ziquka:
- rhoqo rhoqo
- ukutyekela ukudideka lula
- ingqondo yengqondo
- ukuziphatha okungenangqondo
- kulala
- rhoqo ekhangela indawo
- ukuphuculwa kwengcaciso yolwazi
- ukukhumbula okubi
- ukunyanzeliswa kwezenhlalakahle, ukulungelelaniswa, kunye nokuhoxiswa
Abantu abane-SCT bahlala bebunzima nokuxazulula iingxaki, ukuzibhokoxa, ukuzinzisa nokuqhubela imithombo yolwazi olukhuphisanayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zibonakala zi-hypoactive (ezingaphantsi komsebenzi).
Iimpawu zeSCT kunye neMbali yeDSM
I- Manual Diagnostic and Statistical of Mental Disorders (DSM), eyapapashwa nguMbutho we-Psychiatric Association, iyimigaqo eqhelekileyo yokuhlola kunye nokuxilongwa kweengxaki zengqondo ezisetyenziswe ngabaqeqeshi bempilo yengqondo eMelika. Inkqubo yangoku, i-DSM-IV, yapapashwa ngo-1994, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwimiqulu (DSM-IV-TR) epapashwe ngo-2000.
I-DSM idwelisa imigaqo efanelekileyo efunekayo yokuxilongwa. Uhlobo olulandelayo lwencwadana, iDSM-V , kulindeleke ngo-2013.
Iimpawu zendlela ekhohlakeleyo yokuqonda i-ADHD kwintetho yesithathu ye-DSM, eyapapashwa ngo-1980. I-DSM-III isetyenzisile igama elithi "ingxaki yokunqongophala kwengxaki" (ADD) kwaye yandise ukuqonda kwengxaki, ngokuqonda ukuba ukungaphumeleli ingqalelo ingenzeka ngokwahlukileyo kwintliziyo kunye nokunyaniseka.
Amacandelo amabini atyunjwe kwi-DSM-III: Yongeza nge-hyperactivity kwaye ADD ngaphandle kokungasebenzi. I-subtype ADD ngaphandle kokungabi nangoxinzelelo ayizange ibonakalise "ukungalindelekanga" njengoko igama lithetha; Nangona kunjalo, abantwana bebesadingeka babonise iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ngokungafuneki.
Ukupapashwa kohlobo lwesithathu oluhlaziyiweyo lwencwadi ye-DSM (DSM-III-R) ngo-1987 aluzange luhlukanise iimpawu zokungafunwa, ukungafuneki, nokunyanzeliswa, ukujongana nazo zonke iimpawu ezintathu eziphambili njengeqela. Amacandelo amabini athatyathwa-ukungabikho kwengqalelo kwimeko yokungaxhatshazi kakuhle kunye nokukhathazeka okungabonakaliyo.
Ngowe-1994, ishicilelo sesine sahlula impawu kwiindidi ezimbini-ukungabi nongqondo kunye nokunyanzeliswa. Ezi zintathu zamanqanaba ezikhoyo ze-ADHD zachongwa - uhlobo olungapheliyo, uhlobo oluthile oluxhatshazelisayo-uhlobo olunefuthe kunye nohlobo oludibeneyo.
Izibonakaliso ezingenangqondo ezibonakaliswayo azibonakalwanga kwi-DSM yokungalindelekanga kwinqanaba ngenxa yokuba zifunyenwe ukuba zinobungozi obuthakathaka kunye nezinye iimpawu ezingalindelekanga.
Ukuqonda i-Inattention ne-SCT
Inattention ivame ukubonakalisa ukuphazamiseka. Imilinganiselo yokuxilongwa kwamanje yokungafanelekiyo ehambelana ne-ADHD iquka:
- Ngokuqhelekileyo ayinakucamngca iinkcukacha okanye enze iimpazamo ezingakhathali emsebenzini, emsebenzini wesikolo okanye kwezinye izinto.
- Ngokuqhelekileyo unenkathazo yokuxhasa ingqalelo kwimisebenzi okanye kwimisebenzi.
- Ngokusoloko kungabonakali ukuphulaphula xa kuthethwa ngqo.
- Ngokuqhelekileyo ayilandelanga ngemiyalelo; iqalisa imisebenzi kodwa ngokukhawuleza ilahlekelwa ingqalelo kwaye iphazamiseke kalula; ehluleka ukugqiba umsebenzi wesikolo, imisebenzi yasekhaya okanye imisebenzi kwindawo yokusebenzela.
- Ngokuqhelekileyo kunzima ukuhlela imisebenzi nemisebenzi.
- Ngokuqhelekileyo ukugwema, ukungathandwa okanye ukungafuni ukubandakanya kwimisebenzi efuna imizamo yengqondo eqhubekayo.
- Ngokuqhelekileyo ilahlekelwa izinto ezifunekayo kwimisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi (njengezabelo zesikolo, ipensela, iincwadi, izitshixo, isikhwama, iiglasi, iifowuni, njl.).
- Ngokuqhelekileyo kuphazamiseka lula ngento engafanelekanga.
- Udla ukulibala kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, imisebenzi, njl.
Abantwana kunye nabantu abadala abanamaqondo amakhwenkethi enkathako (SCT) yamagqabantshintshi bavame ukubonisa uhlobo olungalindelekanga olunexesha elide, ukungazenzisi kunye nokungahambi kakuhle, ngokuchasene nomgangatho ongenakuphulukiswa. Abantu ngabanye abane-SCT bavame ukubonisa ngaphantsi, ukugqithisa iimpawu kunye nokugqithisa ngakumbi iimpawu zokuxhalaba, ukuxinezeleka, ukuhoxiswa kwezenhlalakahle kunye nolwazi oluninzi lokuphuculwa kolwazi. Nangona i-SCT icingelwa ukuba iyintlukwano eyahlukileyo, eyahlukileyo esuka kwi-ADHD, ngezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokonyango, i-SCT ihlala iququzeleleka kunye ne-ADHD.
Umthombo:
U-Arthur D. Anastopoulos kunye noTerri L. Shelton, Ukuvavanya ukulahlekelwa kweNkcazo / Ukuxhatshazwa kwengqondo. I-Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. 2001.
UChristie A. Hartman, uErik G. Willcutt, uSoo Hyun Rhee, noBruce F. Pennington; Ulwalamano phakathi kwexesha elilukhuni leCognitive Tempo kunye ne-DSM-IV ADHD, I- Journal ye-Child Psychology engaqhelekanga , iVol. 32, ngo-Oktobha 2004, iphepha 491-503.
URussell A. Barkley, Ukuhlukanisa i-tempo enobuqili obunokuqonda-ukungaphumeleli / ukuphazamiseka kwengxaki kubantu abadala. I-Journal ye-Psychology engaqhelekanga , ngoMeyi 23, 2011.
URussell A. Barkley, Ukukhathazeka kweNkcazo yokuXhatshazwa kweNkunkuma: I-Handbook ye-Diagnosis kunye neNyango (Inkqubo yesithathu), i-Guilford Press. 2006.