Iintsholongwane ezisetyenziselwa ukusebenzisa i-marijuana zisenokujamelana neempawu zokurhoxisa ezifanayo ezifunyenwe ukujongana nabasebenzisi abasebenzisa i-marijuana abazama ukuyeka. Ukuba batshaba ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo loo mpawu yokukrazula ingafana neempawu zabantu abazenzayo xa beyeka ukutshaya ugwayi.
Phantse ama-50 ekhulwini labantwana base-US bazama i-marijuana ngaphambi kokuba baphumelele esikolweni esiphakeme, kwaye ngebanga le-12, malunga neepesenti ezingama-21 ngabasebenzisi abasebenzisa rhoqo.
Ngenxa yoko, unyango lokuxhomekeka kwebhogi luya kunyuka, kodwa, abaphandi baye bafumanisa, kukho iimpawu zokurhoxisa, njengabantu abaye bafumana ukuyeka i-cigarettes, i-cocaine okanye ezinye iziyobisi, bangenza ukuba kunzima ukuzibamba.
Uninzi lwaMava 4 okanye iMpawu ezininzi
URyan Vandrey no-Alan Budney weYunivesithi yaseVermont bafunda abasebenzisi abangama- marijuana abangama- 72 abafuna unyango ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi.
Abathathi-nxaxheba kwisifundo babenomthwalo wabasebenzisi begunju abaneminyaka eli-14 ukuya ku-19 ubudala, abayinkokheli yaseCaucasian, kunye nabagqibe imibuzo yokufunda. Phantse i-sibini kwisithathu yabathathi-nxaxheba bachaze ukuba bafumana iimpawu ezine zokugqithiswa kwebhonasi , kuquka ukuxhalaba , ukugonywa, nokugwenxa. Ngaphezu kweyesithathu kwabathathi-nxaxheba bachaza iimpawu ezine okanye ngaphezulu ezenzeke kwizinga elincinci okanye elincinci.
Ukuxhalabisa, ukunyanzeliswa, nokunyanzelisa
"Kwiintsholongwane ezinikezela ngolwazi, sabona ukuhlukahluka ngokuphathelele ubukho kunye nobuqili bezimpawu zokuyeka, ezihambelana noko sikubonayo kwizifundo ezininzi zabantu abadala abasebenzisa inambuzane rhoqo," kusho uVandrey.
"Ngokubanzi, uphando lwethu lubonisa ukuba uninzi lwabantu oluye lwayeka ngokukhawuleza lusuku okanye olukufutshane-nsuku zonke i-marijuana isebenze amava xa
"Nangona kukho ubungqina bokuthi ukuhoxiswa kwenza kube nzima ukuyeka ukusebenzisa i-marijuana kwaye abantu basebenzisa inambuzane ukuze banqande imiphumo yokuhoxiswa, kusadingeka siphucule ngokuphandle ukuba ukuhoxiswa kuthintela njani inkqubo yokuyeka," kusho uVandrey.
Ukurhoxiswa kuqhathaniswa noTywala kunyedrawl
Ngophando olutshanje, iVandrey kunye noogxa kwi-Johns Hopkins School School of Medicine bafunde ukugxinwa kwengxowa.
Ukunyuka umsila onobumba - abo batshaya iintsuku ezili-25 okanye ngaphezulu ngenyanga - iimpawu zokuxotha xa bezama ukuyeka ukutshaya zingafana nezifunyanwa ngabantu abayeka ukutshaya ugwayi, abaphandi bafumene. Abashushu be-Marijuana abayeke ukubika ukuthukuthela, umsindo kunye neengxaki zokulala, njengokuba ababhema icuba babika xa beyeka.
Ukuxhomekeke kuMsebenzi omkhulu weMarijana
"Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba abanye abasebenzisi be-marijuana bafumana iimpembelelo zokuyeka ukuzama ukuyeka kwaye ezi ziphumo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngabagqirha baphatha abantu abaneengxaki ezinxulumene nokusebenzisa inambuzane enobunzima," kusho uVandrey.
"Njengoko iimpawu zokurhoxisa ugwayi zibhalwe kakuhle kwaye zifakwe kwi-DSM-IV kunye ne-IDC-10, sinokuthi siphumelele kwimiphumo yolu ngqungquthela ukukhishwa kwegciwane le-marijuana kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kufuneka kufakwe kule zixhobo zokubhekiselele kwaye zibhekiswe njengento ekujoliswe kuyo ukuphucula iziphumo zonyango, "kusho uVandrey.
Izibonakaliso ezibalulekileyo zoKhupha
Ukufundwa kukaJohn Hopkins, uVandrey wakhetha amadoda ayisithandathu kunye nabasetyhini abathandathu ababethemba inambuzane kunye nababhemayo.
Ngelo veki yokuqala yocwaningo, bahlala basebenzisa ngokuqhelekileyo ukusebenzisa i-cigarettes kunye ne-marijuana.
Ngexesha leveki ezintlanu ezalandelayo, babekhethwe ngokukhethiweyo ukuba bangayi kusebenzisa i-cigarettes, i-marijuana okanye zombini iintsuku zemihla ezintlanu ezahlukana ngamaxesha angama-9 esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungabikho, banikezwa iimvavanyo zesifo somhlaza we-urine nsuku zonke kunye ne-marijuana metabolites.
Ukusebenzisa isicatshulwa sokutshintshwa kwezilwanyana, ngamnye umntu ochaphazelekayo, ulungelelaniso lwesondlo, ukukhathazeka, ukukhathazeka, ukukhathazeka / ukukhathazeka, ukungazinzi, ubunzima bokulala, amaphupha angaqhelekanga kunye nezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo zokuziyeka.
Frequency efanayo kunye neNkathazo
Olu phofu luchaze iziphumo ezilandelayo:
- Ukukhawuleza ukurhoxiswa kunye ne-marijuana yedwa kunye necuba yodwa yayinamaxesha afanayo kunye nobukhulu obufanayo.
- Ukuphazamiseka kokulala kwakubonakala ngathi kuthethwa ngokugqithisileyo.
- Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo zesimo sengqondo (ukuxhala, umsindo) kubonakala kunkulu ngexesha lokuyeka ukutshaya itekisi.
- Abathathi-nxaxheba abathandathu babika ukuba ukuyeka i-marijuana kunye necuba ngexesha elifanayo kwakunzima kunokuba ushiye iichiza yedwa, kanti ezithandathu ezisele zafumanisa ukuba kulula ukuyeka i-marijuana okanye i-cigarettes ngokwazo kunokuba ziyeke ezi zinto zimbini.
"Ngenxa yokuvumelana ngokubanzi phakathi kweekliniki ukuba kunzima ukuyeka izinto ezingaphezulu kweyodwa ngexesha elifanayo, ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba kufuneka uphando olungakumbi malunga nokucwangcisa unyango kubantu abasebenzisa ngokusetyenziswa kwesigqirha esinye rhoqo," kusho uVandrey .
Imithombo:
Vandrey, RG, et al. "Ukuqhathaniswa nokuxilongwa kwimiqathango yokuxothwa kwinqanaba lexesha lokuziyeka ukukhishwa kwidaynabis, iteksi kunye nezinto zombini." Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye noTywala ngoJanuwari 2008
Vandrey, RG, et al. "Ukurhoxiswa kwe-Cannab kwi-traineers seekers". Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye noTywala ngoMeyi 2005