'IziTywala eziNcinci' zibandakanya kwiziphumo zoFundo
Abantu abangaphezu kweyesithathu (35.9 ekhulwini) yabantu abadala base-US abanokuxhomekeka kotywala (utywala) oqalise ngaphezu konyaka omnye odlulileyo ngoku sele bafumana ngokuphinda, ngokutsho kophando lweLebhu yeBriometry ne-Epidemiology ehlalutya amaxabiso okubuyisela utywala.
Abantu abakhokhelwayo ngokupheleleyo babonisa iimpawu zokuxhomekeka kotywala okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala kunye nokuyeka okanye ukusela emanqanaba angaphantsi kwalawo awaziwayo ukwenyusa ukubuyela kwingozi.
Ziquka ubungakanani obulinganayo nabangabikho (iipesenti ezingama-18,2) kunye nabasele basengozini (aba-17,7 ekhulwini).
Uhlalutyo lusekelwe kwiinkcukacha ezivela kwi-2001-2002 ye-National Epidemiologic Survey kwi-Alcohol kunye neemeko ezihambelanayo (iNESARC), iphrojekthi yeSizwe soNxila kuTywala noTywala (iNIAAA).
Icandelo elilodwa (iipesenti ezingama-25,0) zabantu abanokuxhomekeka kotywala oqalise ngaphezu konyaka omnye odlulileyo basencibilike, iingu-27.3 ekhulwini zisohlwayo (oko kukuthi, kubonisa ezinye izibonakaliso zokuxhomekeka kotywala okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala), kwaye i-11.8 pesenti yingozi abaphuza abangenalo iimpawu kodwa abasebenzisi babo banyusela amathuba abo okuphindaphinda (kuba ngamadoda, iziphuzo ezingaphezu kwe-14 ngeveki okanye ngaphezulu kweesiselo ezine nakweyiphi na imini; kubesetyhini, ngaphezu kwezi-7 iziphuzo ngeveki okanye ngaphezulu kwezidaka ezintathu kwiyiphi na imini).
Iingxelo ezivela kuhlalutyo lwe-NESARC yakutshanje ziqinisa iingxelo zangaphambilini abantu abaninzi abanokuzifumana kunye nokubuyiselwa ekunxilweni, "uthe uMlawuli we-NIAAA uThai-Kai Li, MD
Ingxelo yanamhlanje ibalulekile njengemifanekiso yeemeko zangoku kunye nolwazi malunga nezinye iimpawu ezinxulumene neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokubuyiselwa. Kuya kufuneka ukuba kwenziwe uphando olude lokuqonda imbali yendalo yokuxhomekeka kotywala ngokwexesha. "
UkuNyulwa koTywala
Umbhali okhokelayo uDeborah Dawson, Ph.D.
kunye nabalingane bakhe kwiLebhu yeBhiometry kunye ne-Epidemiology kwinkqubo ye-NIAAA yophando lwangaphakathi yakhangela ukuhlalutya kwe-NESARC yangoku kwinqaku ethi "Ukubuyiswa kwe-DSM-IV Ukuxhomekeka koMbane: iUnited States, 2001-2002" ngo-January 2005.
Ngokusekelwe kwisampula esimele sabantu abangama-43 000 base-US abaneminyaka engama-18 ubudala nangaphezulu, i-NESARC yinkqutyana enkulu kunazo zonke ezenzeke ngokubambisana kweengxaki zokusetyenziswa kotywala kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kunye nezimo zengqondo. I-NESARC ichaza ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kotywala kunye nokuxoxwa kwabo ngokubhekiselele kwiimpawu zokugqibela zonyango ezisungulwe nguMbutho wezeMpilo waseMelika.
Uhlalutyo lokuhlaziya lusekelwe kwinqutyana labantu abadala abangama-4,422 abaye bahlangabezana nemilinganiselo yeklinikhi yokuxhomekeka kotywala eqalise ngaphezu konyaka omnye ngaphambi kovavanyo lwe-2001-2002. Laba bantu babeneminyaka engama-middle-age, abangamadoda angamaNdiya abamhlophe. Amaphesenti angamashumi ama-60 aye aye kwiikholeji. Ingaphezu kwesiqingatha safumana ukuxhomekeka kotywala phakathi kweminyaka eyi-18 no-24, kwaye kuphela ama-25.5 ekhulwini afumana unyango kwiingxaki zabo zotywala.
Unyango Unokwandisa Ukubuyiswa
UDkt. Dawson kunye noogxa bakhe bafumene ukuba ukuhlaziywa okungaqhelekanga kwandisa ixesha kunye nobudala kwaye kwaphakama phakathi kwabasetyhini, abantu abatshatileyo okanye abahlali, abantu abanokuqala kokuxhomekeke kwiminyaka eyi-18 ukuya ku-24, kunye nabantu abaye bafumana inani elikhulu lokuxhomekeka.
Ukukholiswa kokungabikho kwamandla okungaqhelekanga (oko kukuthi, ukusela okuphantsi komngcipheko ongenazo iimpawu zokuxhaphazwa okanye ukuxhomekeka) kwanda ngaphezu kwexesha kwaye kwaphakama phakathi kwabantu abatshatileyo okanye abahlala kunye nabo, abanomdla wentsapho kunye nabantu abaye bafumana iimpawu ezimbalwa kuxhomekeka. Okukhulu kunani lobuninzi bokusetyenziswa kotywala, umgangatho ophantsi wonqulo lwaluphi uhlobo lokubuyisela.
Ukongezelela, ukuba neengxaki zomntu zadibaniswa kunye nokuphila okuphantsi kokuziphulukisa. Unyango lweengxaki zeengxilongo zatshintshile ezinye zeziphumo.
Inkcazo ifaka phakathi 'UkuNxiliswa koMngcipheko oNcinci'
Ukuxhomekeka kotywala - ubuncinane xa kuchazwe ngokwemiqathango ye-DSM-IV - ayinakuvimbela ukubuyela kubungozi obuncipheko kubantu abathile, "kuchaza ababhali.
Nangona kunjalo, bayavuma, ukusinda okukhethiweyo kwezidakwa ezininzi ezingapheliyo (ukuba abantu abasuka ekuxhomekeke kotywala kunokunokwenzeka ukuba baphumelele kumhla wophando) kungenzeka ukuba banelungelo lokuqikelela ukuhlaziywa kwakhona.
Xa abalobi befanisa iziphumo zabo kunye neziphumo ezivela kwi-1999-1992 ye-National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (I-NLAES), baqaphele umgangatho kwixesha elishumi elidlulileyo kwi-remission esheshayo (oko kukuthi, ukungabikho kokusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala okanye ukuxhomekeka kweempawu) kubantu kuxhomekeka ngaphambili.
"Akukho zichaso ezicacileyo zokuba kutheni le nto ingenjalo. Idatha evela kwiWave 2 yeNESARC kufuneka inikele ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo ukulungisa le ngxaki," bathetha. I-NESARC isifundo sexesha elide ngoku kungena kwisigaba sokuqala sokulandelelana esifanele siphumelele ekukhanyeni.