I-MDMA (i-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) yiyobisi engekho mthethweni, yokwenziwa komzimba, isisigxina esisebenzayo njengento evuselelayo kunye ne-hallucinogen-ivuselela umsebenzisi ngelixa ivelisa ukuphazamiseka ngexesha kunye nemibono.
Kuye kwachazwa njengombutho we-amphetamine ekhuthazayo kunye ne-hallucinogen mescaline.
Nangona i-MDMA yaziwa ngokubanzi njenge-Ecstasy, kwaye ngoku kuthiwa yi-Molly, uphando lubonisile ukuba ezininzi zeepilisi ezithengiswa kwiiklabhu nasezitratweni njenge-Ecstasy aziququzeleli kuphela i-MDMA kodwa ezinye iindidi zeziyobisi okanye iziyobisi ezinokuthi zibe yingozi.
Ngoko ke, ezinye zeempembelelo abasebenzisi abazifumanayo ngexesha lokuthatha i-Ecstasy zibangelwa ngenxa yezithako ezongeziweyo kwi-MDMA ngexesha lokuveliswa kweepilisi okanye iipilisi.
1 - Yintoni i-MDMA eSebenzi e-US?
Kunzima ukuchaza ubuninzi bokusetyenziswa kwe-MDMA kuba isoloko isetyenziswa ngokuhlanganisana nezinye izinto, kwaye ayibonakali kwimithombo ethile yemveli yolwazi, njengamazinga okungeniswa kweyeza. Kodwa-ke, i-MDMA ibonakala iyisiza esandisiwe ekuthandeni kwaye sisasazeka ngakumbi, ngakumbi kubantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-25.
Ngo-2004, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-11 abantu abaneminyaka eli-12 okanye ngaphezulu bavakalisa ukusebenzisa i- Ecstasy ubuncinane kanye ngexesha lokuphila kwabo, ngokweSaveyi kaZwelonke malunga nokuSetyenziswa kweziMilo kunye neMpilo.
Inani labasebenzisi abasebenzayo ngo-2002 liqikelelwa liyi-676,000. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, inani lamanje (elisetyenziswa ngenyanga eledlule) abasebenzisi ngo-2004 laliqikelelwa ukuba li-450,000. Ukuqaliswa kokusetyenziswa kwe-Eststasy e-US bekuye kwanda ngokukhawuleza ukususela ngo-1992, kunye nabasebenzisi abatsha abayi-1.8 million ngo-2001.
I-Network Alert Abuse Warning Network, egcinwe yiNkcitho yokuShatshazwa kweMpilo kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo zezeMpilo yengqondo, yathi ingxelo ye-MDMA kwiimeko ezinxulumene neziyobisi izibhedlele eziphuthumayo ziyi-2,221 kwikota yesithathu neyesine ka-2003. Uninzi lwezigulane ezaza amasebe angxamisekileyo akhankanya i-MDMA njengento ebamkelweyo ngexesha lawo lalingama-18-20 ubudala.
Ucwaningo lwe-NIDA lwe-Future (I-MTF), uphononongo lwangonyaka olwenziwa ukulandelela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi ngezikolo ezisemaphakamileyo nakwiiphakamileyo kwilizwe lonke, luchaza ukuba phakathi kuka-2001 no-2005, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ecstasy yonyaka kwanciphise ngama-52 ekhulwini kwi-8-graders, i-58 ekhulwini kuma-10-graders, kunye nama-67 ekhulwini kwi-12-graders. Ukusetyenziswa kwexesha lokuphila kwe-MDMA liye lahla kakhulu ukusuka ngo-2004 ukuya ku-2005 phakathi kwe-12-graders.
Ngo-2005, aba-8-graders babika ukuhla kwexabiso elibonakalayo elibi ekusebenziseni i-MDMA ngezikhathi ezithile. Idatha ye-MTF ibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-MDMA kufikelela kwiqela elincinane labantu. Phakathi kwe-12-graders ngo-2005, umzekelo, ama-3.9 ekhulwini ama-Whites, ama-3.0 ekhulwini kwabafundi baseSpeyin, kunye ne-1.4 ekhulwini yabase-Afrika-baseMelika babika ukusebenzisa i-MDMA kunyaka ngaphambi kokuba uphando.
Nangona iirhafu ze-MDMA zisetyenziselwa ukuhla kwebafundi besikolo esiphakamileyo, isicatshulwa sisilula ukufumana, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuhleli. Idatha ye-MTF ibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-MDMA kufikelela kwiqela elincinane labantu.
2 - Ngubani osebenzisa kakubi i-MDMA?
Xa i-MDMA iqala ukutshatyalaliswa kwimeko yayidume kakhulu kwiintsholongwane kunye nabantu abadala abathintekayo kwiinkqubo zobomi bebusuku okanye amaqela omdaniso weveki. Kodwa, ngaphezu kweminyaka, njengoko isicatshulwa saziwa ngokuba yi-Ecstasy, ukuthandwa kwayo kwaqala ukusabalalisa kwamanye amanqanaba ebemi kwiidolophini, kwiindawo zasemaphandleni nasemaphandleni.
Ngoku ngoku kwaziwa ngokuba yi-Molly, isicatshulwa siye saziwa phakathi kwabafundi beekholeji. Into enye icacile, kuzo zonke iindawo zelizwe, i-MDMA ifumaneka kalula.
3 - Ziziphi iimpembelelo ze-MDMA?
I-Ecstasy iye yafumana ukuthandwa ngenxa yemiphumo ejabulisayo evelisa ngeyure yokuqala emva kokuba isicatshulwa sithathwe. Kodwa, loo mvakalelo emihle inokuza nexabiso. I-MDMA inokubangela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemiphumo yempilo kunye nemiphumo emibi.
Kunokwenzeka ukudlula i-MDMA. Ngaba uyazi ukuba iimpawu ze-Eststasy overdose zifana nani? Baya kuba nzima kwaye ngamanye amaxesha nokuba besongela ubomi.
4 - Yintoni eyenziwa yi-MDMA kwiBrain?
I-Ecstasy, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Molly, yenza ngokunyusa umsebenzi wezithunywa ezintathu zeekhemikhali zeeseli zengqondo - i-serotonin, i-dopamine kunye neenkqubo ze-norepinephrine. Ngenxa yokuba i-MDMA ithintela umsebenzi we-neurotransmitter engqondweni, inokuphazamisa umgaqo, ukulala, intlungu, imvakalelo, ukutya, kunye nezinye izinto.
Ngenxa yokuba i-Molly ibangela ukukhululwa kweemali ezigqithisileyo zala ma-neurotransmitters, zinokupheliswa kwaye zinegalelo kwimiphumo engalunganga yokuziphatha abasebenzisi abahlala befumana iintsuku eziliqela emva kokuthatha i-MDMA, abaphandi bayabika.
5 - Ngaba i-Ecstasy / MDMA Addictive?
Ngenxa yokuba i-Ecstasy ichaphazela ezinye zeendlela ezifanayo ze-neurotransmitters kwingqondo echaphazelekayo ngamanye amayeza adulisayo, abanye abantu abasebenzisa i-MDMA banokuba ngumlutha kwisiza. Olunye uphando lolutsha kunye nabaselula abaselula baseMolly bafumanisa ukuba i-43% idibene neendlela zokuxilonga ngokuxhomekeka kweekhemikhali kwiyeza.
6 - Yintoni esiyayaziyo malunga nokukhusela kakubi i-MDMA?
Ngenxa yokuba imeko yentlalo kunye noonxibelelwano kubonakala njengento ebalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-MDMA, ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokukhusela oontanga kunye neenkqubo zokuthintela izidakamizwa kungaba yindlela ethembisayo yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-MDMA phakathi kwabaselula nabaselula.
Izikolo eziphakamileyo kunye neekholeji zinokukhonza njengeendawo ezibalulekileyo zokuhambisa imiyalezo malunga nemiphumo yokusetyenziswa kwe-MDMA. Ukubonelela ngolwazi oluchanekileyo lwesayensi malunga nemiphumo ye-Ecstasy ibalulekile ukuba uluntu luthembele ekunciphiseni iziphumo ezilimazayo zalo mziza.
Imfundo yenye yezona zixhobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusetyenziswa ekukhuseleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-MDMA.
7 - Ngaba zikhona unyango olufanelekileyo lwe-MDMA?
Akukho zonyango ezizodwa zokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-MDMA. Uphulo oluphambili kwiindlela zokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamanyathelo angenelelo ekuziphatheni okwenzelwe ukukunceda ukuguqula ukucinga, ukulindela kunye nokuziphatha, kunye nokwandisa izakhono ekujonganeni nezixinzelelo zobomi.
Amacandelo okuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi angasebenzisa ngokunxulumene nokungenelela kokuziphatha ukuze kuxhaswe ixesha elide, ukubuyiswa kweziyobisi. Kukho okwangoku akukho unyango lwe-pharmological ukuxhomekeka kwi-MDMA.
Amachiza okuxhatshazwayo angasinceda ekukhuseleni iimpawu ezidangeleyo zibonwa kubasebenzisi be-MDMA abasandul 'ukuyeka.
Imithombo:
Isizwe seSizwe sokuLawulwa kweziyobisi. "MDMA (Ecstasy) Ukusetyenziswa kakubi." Uluhlu lweeNgxelo zoPhando olulungiswe ngoMatshi 2006
Isizwe seSizwe sokuLawulwa kweziyobisi. "MDMA (Ecstasy / Molly)." Iziyobisi ngokusetyenziswa kakubi . Ukuhlaziywa kukaSeptemba 2013