I-Menthol Cigarettes kufuneka ihambe ...
Iicigarettes ziyaxuma.
Iicigaret yinto ebangelwa yinto enye ekhuselekayo yokugula nokufa kwabantu eUnited States. Unyaka ngamnye, uqikelelwa ukuba ama-443,000 aseMerika afe ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwegwayi, kwaye abantu abayizigidi eziyi-8.6 baphila ngesifo esibi kunye nokukhubazeka okwesibini kwi-cigarette. Iicigarettes ziphazamisa impilo yoluntu; abagcini nje ukubulala abasebenzisi kodwa banokubeka wonke umntu ukuphefumula ngomsi wecala kumngcipheko, naye.
Iicigarettes kufuneka zibe yi-anachronism yexesha apho sasingazi kakuhle malunga nendlela ezincinci ezifake icuba kunye nezongezo zabangela umdlavuza kunye neCOPD. Esikhundleni saloo nto, i-Bigbacco igcina ikhula kakuhle kwaye iqhube imveliso yayo kuwo wonke umntu-ininzi ebonakalayo iselula kunye nabancinci - sinethemba lokuba sonke siyaxhamla.
Xa umntu omnye ebulala okanye egosa omnye umntu, silindele ukuba isandla sokukhawuleza sobulungisa base-America senze isigwebo esifanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, xa inkampani enkulu yecuba ibulala izigidi ezingabonakaliyo, inkampani ivuzwa ngemali. Siphila kwilizwe lemizila ephazamisekileyo, apho umbulali womntu omnye omnye ummeli we-lobbyist okanye i-PAC yenkundla.
Isinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekileyo nesigqubuthelo ekugqibeleni ukuthengiswa kwe-cigarette kungabinqanda ukuthengiswa kwee-cigarette ze-menthol-ukuhamba ngokuthe ngqo. Ngokukodwa, ngo-2009 iintlanzi zivaliwe ukuthengisa i-cigarette e-flavored, kubandakanywa iziqhamo zentsimbi kunye ne-clove (kretek).
Ngenxa yokuvalwa kwesigarethi, i-FDA inethemba lokwenza iigayibha zingenakuncipha kubantu abatsha. Nangona kunjalo, i-menthol i-cigarettes, kunye neyona ndlela ininzi ethandwa kakhulu yecaretri ene-25 yepesenti yemarike, isabathengiswa kubaselula kunye nabanye ngaphandle kokuthintelwa. Ngaphezu koko, i-menthol ingaphezu nje kokunambitha; liyilisi ephethe izixhobo ze-anesthetic.
Ngo-2009, ukulawulwa kwecuba kwafakwa phantsi kolawulo lweZiko leMveliso yoTywala kwi-Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Umsebenzi welifa eliphakathi kweso sifanele ukufumanisa ukuba iingozi zetekitriti zengqondo zixhatshazwe njani xa zifaniswa nama-cigarettes angaphandle. Ngokukodwa, iziko lijolise ekusebenziseni i-menthol i-cigarette phakathi kwabaselula, abancinci nalabo bazama ukuyeka. Nangona zifunyenwe ziziganeko ezifunyenweyo ngo-2013, i-menthol cigarettes isala kwi-market.
I-Sheet Underbelly ye-cigarette Advertisement
Akufanele kumangaliswe ukuba i-Big Tubacco ihlambulukile. (Ngokuba, nangona kunjalo, uhambo lwe-crash, jonga i-Jason Reitman ye-tour-de-force yefilimu Siyabonga ngokuSaza.) Ukuthengiswa kwe-cigarettes menthol ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokuba iinkampani ezide ze-cigaretti ziya kuqhuba njani inzuzo.
Kwinqaku elifumaneka ngokukhululekileyo elibizwa ngokuthi "Ukuthengiswa kwee-cigolt menthol kunye nombono womthengi: ukuhlaziywa kwamaphepha e-shishini likwicuba," abaphandi base-UCSF benza umsebenzi obalaseleyo kwisampuli ukuba abenzi beekheta bafaka njani i-menthol kwi-cigarettes kuluntu. Nazi ezinye zeziphumo zabo:
- Ama-cigarettes aseMenthol aqale adalwe ngo-1920 ngumfana othile ogama linguLloyd "Spud" u-Hughes emva kokufafaza i-menthol crystals kwinqwelo yakhe yokubheya. Unina wayemnike i-menthol ngenxa yokubanda okwakusoloko ebona. Spud cigarettes yaba ngowokuqala itekitrete ye-menthol ekhoyo ithengiswa nguKool Menthol ngo-1933.
- I-Menthol inepropati epholileyo, epholileyo kunye ne-anesthetic ichaza ukuba kutheni isetyenziselwa kwi-lozenges, ukulungiswa okubanda kakhulu, iigums, i-mouthwashes kunye nokunye. Ukukhwela kwi-coattails yezibonelelo zonyango ezibonwe ngengqondo, i-menthol cigarettes zaqala ukuthengiswa ngemilayezo yempilo. Iinkampani zoogwayi zithi i-menthol i-cigarettes yayiphephekile kwaye ibhetele kunokuba i-cigarettes engabikho. Izibhengezo zangaphambili zikhankanya i-menthol kwi-menthol cigarettes njengokuthi "icocekile," "ukucinywa kwentloko," kunye nesisombululo sokukhwehlela kunye nentlungu yomsindo.
- Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1950, i-menthol-cigarettes-i-jig ephilile, kwaye amaMerika aqala ukuqonda ukuba i-cigarettes ayimpilo. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa komgudu wonyaka wee-cigarettes okwenziwe ngonyaka kuya kwehla ngo-1953 no-1953 kuphela ukuqhubela phambili ngokunyuka kwawo-1970. Ngokuqinisekileyo wayeziva esongelwa, i-Big Tobacco yabuyisela kwakhona imizamo yayo yentengiso kwaye yathintela ukuba i-menthol yayisempilweni. Nangona kunjalo, iinkampani zogwayi zaqhubeka ziphikisa ukuba i-menthol i-cigarettes ikhuselekile kwaye igxininiswe indlela i-menthol cigarettes "yayiduduza ngayo" kwaye "ihlaziya." Ngelishwa, unanamhlanje, abaninzi abantu abatshitshisiweyo be-menthol bakholelwa ukuba i-menthol i-cigarettes iphilile, inamandla, ilula kakhulu ukutshaya nokukhuseleka kunokuba i-cigarettes engabikho.
- Ngama-1960, izibhengezo ze-menthol cigarettes zaye zaba zibi kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, abenzi be-cigarettes baqala ukujolisa abantu baseMerika njengabantu abazimeleyo kunye nokuvakalisa kwiimarike zasezidolophini "nomfanekiso weedolophu." Ngaphezu koko, isigidimi saloo ntengiso sithatha i-tone ecacileyo kunye neyobuxoki echazwe ngokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo oluntu kwaye igxile kwi "Ulwahlulo / uluntu." Emva kokumiselwa, lo "mfanekiso wedolophu" ochazwe "ngokuphila kwidolophu" wasetyenziselwa ukudala iqela kunye nokutsala abanye abancinci kunye nabamhlophe kwiimpawu ze-menthol.
- Ngama-1980, abenzi be-cigarettes baqala ukuvakalisa abantu abaselula-ikakhulukazi abasetyhini - bezama ukubenza baqinisekise ukuba i-menthol i-cigarettes yayitshatyalaliswa yendalo, ingathobeki, ihlekisayo, inokuthinteka, ithandwa ngabantu abanomdla. Ngamanye amazwi, i-Big Tobacco yazi ukuba ukutshaya kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaleni kweentlalo kubantu abancinci kunye nokuzibandakanya kule nto.
- Okwangoku, nangona uninzi lwabantu ababhemayo be-menthol bamhlophe, kukho ukuxhaphaka okungafaniyo kwe-menthol ye-cigaretti phakathi kwabase-Afrika baseMerika, abantu abathile baseSpeyin, abantu abatsha, abafazi kunye nabashushu.
Iziphumo kwi-FDA Study Examining Menthol ngokumalunga neNonmenthol Cigarettes
Ngo-2013, i-FDA ikhuphe iziphumo zophando lwazo olukhulu olubizwa ngokuba nguVavanyo lweNzululwazi lweSayensi lweeMpilo zeMpilo eziPhezulu zeMenthol ngokubhekiselele kwi-Nholhol Cigarettes. Nazi izigqibo ezi-4 ezikule sifundo. Okokuqala, i-menthol cigarettes ayilungelekanga njengama-cigarettes engekho. Okwesibini, usetyenziso lwe-menthol ye-cigarette ludibaniswa nokuqalisa ukutshaya ukutshaya ngabantu abancinci. Okwesithathu, i-menthol cigarettes inxulumene ngokuqinisekileyo nomlutha omkhulu, kuxhomekeka ngakumbi kunye nobunzima obukhulu ngokuphela. Ngamanye amagama, i-menthol i-cigarettes iyanzima ukuyeka ngaphandle kwee-cigarettes ezingenayo. Okwesine, ngenxa yeempawu zesifo se-menthol kunye nezoloncedo lwe-menthol, i-menthol cigarettes ibangela ingozi ekhethekileyo kwimpilo yoluntu. Kwinqaku edibeneyo, ngo-Matshi 2011, nangaphambi kokuba le ncwadi ishicilelwe, i-FDA icebise ukuba "ukususwa kwee-cigarette ze-menthol ezivela kwimarike kuya kunceda impilo kawonkewonke e-United States."
Ekugqibeleni, ngokusekelwe kwimizekelo, ezinye iingcali zibonisa ukuba kwiminyaka engama-40 ezayo, abantu abangama-300 000 ukuya kuma-600,000 bangafiywa ngokubeka ukuvinjelwa ekuthengiseni i-menthol cigarettes.
Ngoko kutheni iifestile zingavumelekanga i-menthol cigarettes? Lo ngumbuzo oyi-$ 64,000-dollar. Ngoku ngu-2015, kwaye yonke imithombo endikuyo ikhona ngo-2013 nangaphambili.
Ndineengcamango zokuthi kungani i-menthol iigaretti isasaqina. Okokuqala, akukho nanye kwezi zophando okanye iziphakamiso ezibophelelayo - ngokukodwa ukwenza konke olu lwazi lunzima njengengxelo yezopolitiko. Okwesibini, nawo onke ama-lobbyists kunye negalelo lomkhankaso, i-Big Tobacco inobungozi kwi-rhu lumente wase-US kwaye iza kulwa nezinyo kunye ne-nail ekubhekiselelweni nekota yeentengiso zayo ezomile ngokuvalwa kweentengiso ze-menthol cigarettes. Okwesithathu, mhlawumbi i-FDA ingcamango esiyikhohlileyo malunga nokuvinjelwa kwe-menthol - emva koko, bayeka ukunxusa impendulo evela kwindlela kawonkewonke ngo-2013. Ngokuqinisekileyo, uluntu lwezonyango luyakhumbula kwaye ngoko kufanele.
IUnited States lizwe lobukhulu. Urhulumente wethu uzuze ukuzimela kuBrithani, ukugqithwa kobukhoboka, walwa nama-Axis kwaye wenza iMfazwe Yomhlaba Yezobuphekula. Nangona kunjalo, usongelo lwethu olubulalayo, ucuba, lukhulile eVirginia kungekude nelikhulu lelizwe lethu.
Nangona i-menthol i-cigarettes iyamlisela, ukuyilahleka kuya kuba nzima kakhulu. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kubekho utshintsho olwenziwe kwi-cigarettes ezibandakanya izithintelo kwiintengiso, kodwa i-menthol cigarettes iyaphila kwaye iphile. Ngokwahlukileyo, iPalamente yaseYurophu ivotelwe ukuvinjelwa i-menthol cigarettes ngo-2022.
Ukuba wena okanye othandekayo, umsi we-menthol (okanye rhoqo) ugwayi, ixesha elide lokuyeka. Hlalani nikhumbule ukuba ukuphelelwa yimpumelelo yimfazwe edla ngokuthatha imizamo emininzi. Ngaphezu koko, nangona ukuhleka, ukuphela komntu ngamnye kuyingxenye enye ye-pie. Wena, abahlobo bakho kunye nosapho lwakho kufuneka uthumele ileta ku-FDA efuna ukuvinjelwa kwi-menthol cigarettes, kunye nempembelelo eninzi, thumela ileta kwintlanganiso yakho kunye ne-White House.
Nceda ukhumbule ukuba urhulumente kufuneka asebenzele thina kungekhona iminqweno edibeneyo yabenzi bezocuba ezahlukeneyo. Emva koko konke, ukuthintela kuhlale kulunge kunokunyanga - kungekhona ukuba sineempiliso zomdlavuza wamaphaphu, iCOPD kunye nezinye iingxaki ezibangelwa ngumsi wecuba.
Ndiya kuphelisa ngokunyusa ukuba ndizikhumbule ukuba ndivezile ngaphambili. Ukuba i-Bigbacco enkulu yayingumntu, bekungekho nje umbulali onzima. Ngokujoliswe kwiintlanga ezithile ezifana ne-Afrika yaseMerika, i-Big Tobacco iqhuba intshabalalo.
Imithombo ekhethiweyo
I-athikili ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukuthengiswa kwee-cigolt menthol kunye nombono wabathengi: ukuhlaziywa kwamaxwebhu okushishino ngogwayi" ngo-SJ Anderson opapashwe kwi- Tragic Control (BMJ Journals) ngo-2011.
I-athikili ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukuqhekeza ukuCima ukuShukela phakathi kwabaseTransmitter of Menthol Versus Nsionshol Cigarettes" nguCD Delnevo kunye nababhali-mbhali abapapashwe kwi- American Journal of Medicine Preventive ngo-2011.
Uxwebhu olubizwa ngokuba "Uvavanyo lokuqala lweSayensi lweeMiphumo zeMpilo zikaRhulumente zeMenthol ne-Nsionshol Cigarettes" Ukutya kunye noLawulo lweeMithi