I-lithium yinto kunye neziyobisi
Kwi-pantheon yezokwelapha, i-lithium yezilwanyana inendawo ekhethekileyo. I-lithium ngenye yezilwanyana ezimbalwa eziyimveliso yamakhemikhali (ngokusemthethweni ilawulwa njengetyuum carbonate ityuwa ephazamisa ngokukhawuleza ibe yi-i-lithium ion emzimbeni); kanti, ezinye iinyango ezininzi zi-organic (i-carbon-based based molecules) ezinomlinganiselo oqinileyo.
Iphawulithi, izixhobo zeekhemikhali zifunyenwe kwitheyibhile yexesha, ongayikhumbula kwisikolo esiphakamileyo okanye kwiikholeji. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba i-lithium itholakala kwimigodi e-Australia, eChile nakwezinye iindawo ezimbalwa.
Ezinye izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha izifo ziquka i-oksijeni, i-potassium (isaliti) kunye ne-sodium (isaliti). Nangona kunjalo, ezi ezinye izinto zisebenziseke ngokucacileyo: I-oksijeni isetyenziselwa ukuphefumula, kunye ne-potassium kunye ne-sodium zisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela kwakhona i-homeostasis okanye ibhalansi emva kokuhlaziywa kwamanzi. Noko ke, iLithium, inceda abantu abaneengxaki zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukufumanisa i-lirendipitous kwenziwa emashumi eminyaka edlulileyo.
Ukuxhuzula
Ingxaki ye-bipolar ibonakala ngokutshintsha phakathi kwamanxeba, amaxinzelelo, ama-hypomanic kunye namazwe adibeneyo. Ezi zitshintshi zingaqalisa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinokunyanzeliswa ngabaxinzelelo. Ukungabikho kwengxaki yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubhubhisa ubomi, kwaye kuxhomekeke kwimeko yabo yesimo sengqondo, abantu abaneengxaki zokuphazamiseka kweengqondo kunye neengxaki ezilandelayo:
- ukuhamba kweengcamango;
- isimo sengqondo sichaza ukususela kwisicatshulwa;
- ukuphazamiseka kokulala;
- iingcamango zokugijima;
- iimpawu zomntu eziquka ukuchitha imali, ukunyaniseka, kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo;
- Ukuziphatha okudandathekileyo kuquka ukulahlekelwa ngumdla kwimisebenzi yobomi okanye kwiingcamango zokuzibulala;
- intloko;
- utshintshe ukutya.
Ingqalelo, ukukhubazeka kwe-bipolar yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokuba ndinikezele ngentla.
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko unokuthi ungapheli, ingxaki ye-bipolar yinkxalabo yeemvakalelo, iingcamango, kunye neento ezifuna unyango olukhawulezileyo kunye nolondolozo oluqhubekayo lwezempilo ukuze ugweme ukuguquguquka kwemizwelo ezayo.
Ukongezelela, nangona i-bipolar disorder i-disorder disorder, i-schizophrenia ingxaki yengqondo. Uninzi lwabantu ludibanisa le ngxaki, kunye ne-termy "bipolar disorder" xa i-schizophrenia impela. Nge-schizophrenia, iilucucinations ezihlolisayo zihlala zikhona. Ingqalelo, i-schizoaffective disorder inezimo zombini kunye neengqondo zengqondo.
Kwinqaku edibeneyo, oogqirha abagwebi ukunika umntu onenkinga yokuguquka kwengqondo, ngenxa yokuba ukwenza oko kungamphonsa umntu kumanic or hypomanic states.
Imbali yeLithium
Phakathi ne-1800s, i-lithium yayisetyenziselwa ukuphathwa gout. Ngama-1940, oogqirha babesebenzisa i-lithium ukuba baphathe umfutho wexinzelelo, kodwa ngokukhawuleza babonakalisa inetyhefu kule ndlela. Ngomnyaka we-1949, uJohn Cade wathola ukuba i-lithium yanceda ukuphazamiseka kwengxaki ye-bipolar. Umsebenzi kaCade waphefumlela uchungechunge lwezilingo zeklinikhi ezibonakalisa ukusebenza kwe-lithium njenge-monotherapy xa unyanga isigaba se-manic se-bipolar disorder.
Ngama-1990, i-lithium yayithathwa njenge-drug-of-choice xa unyango lwe-bipolar disorder.
Ngokukodwa, i-lithium yabonakalisa ngokuphawulekayo xa unyanga isigaba somntu sesifo sengqondo se-bipolar kunye neepesenti ezingama-80 zezigulane ezingekho kwizibhedlele ezithatha izilwanyana ezifumana ukuxolelwa. Ngaphezu koko, iipesenti ezingama-60 zabantu abaneengxaki zokugula ngengqondo ezibethemba i-lithium njengonyango lokulondolozwa. (Inqanaba lempumelelo ye-lithium njengonyango lokulondoloza kulabo abaneengxaki ezibangelwa yi-bipolar).
Ukusetyenziswa kwangoku
Okwangoku, ngokusungulwa kwezidakamizwa ezintsha kunye nezidakamizwa zokulwa nezidakamizwa, ezifana ne-valproate, i-olanzapine, kunye ne-risperidone, i-lithium ayisekho unyango wokuqala kumntu onenkinga yokuguquka kwe-bipolar.
Ezi zi yobisi zintsha zisebenza ngokukhawuleza kwaye zineempembelelo ezingaphantsi kweLithium. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweengqondo zihlala zifumana zonke iingenelo ze-lithium, kwaye le nkunkuma isasetyenziswa ngokubambisana nezinye iziyobisi ukunyanga izigulana ezinzima ze-bipolar disorder. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba i-lithium nayo ibonakalise iluncedo xa unyanga isifo sengqondo kunye nokudandatheka okukhulu.
Indlela yokusebenza yeLithium ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Iingcamango ezixhaphakileyo malunga nendlela usebenza ngayo i-phosphoinositol kwingqondo. Ngokugqithisa nge-phosphoinositol, i-lithium iqalisa ukutshintshwa kweenguqu ze-intracellular ezitshintshisayo intetho yezityalo kunye neprotheni yokuvelisa okuzinzileyo. Enye ingcamango malunga nendlela yokwenza i-lithium ibandakanya ukufakwa kwezinto ze-lithium kwizicwangciso ze-sodium ngoko ukunciphisa amandla okuvelisa iziganeko kwiindawo zobuchopho ezijongene nokugcinwa kwemizwelo.
Iingcamango Zokugqibela
Kwinqaku yokugqibela, ukuba wena okanye umntu omthandayo uthatha i-lithium njengesondlo okanye unyango lwexesha elide, nceda uqonde ukuba amanqanaba akho egazi kwisilwanyana kufuneka ahlolwe ngokugqithisiweyo ngugqirha wakho. I-lithium ineempembelelo ezibi kakhulu ezibandakanya ukukhubazeka komzimba, i-nephrogenic ye-diabetes insipidus, i-arrhythmia kunye nomsebenzi we-thyroid. Ukuba uhlangabezana naziphi iimpawu ezibonisa iziphumo ezimbi ngelixa i-lithium, hamba igumbi lezongxamisekileyo okanye wuleze ubone ugqirha wakho.
Imithombo ekhethiweyo
I-DeBattista C. I-Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium. Ku: Katzung BG, Trevor AJ. eds. I-Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 13e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015. Kufumaneke ngomhla we-Agasti 27, 2015.
IPadakis MA, McPhee SJ. Ukuxhuzula. Ku: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ. eds. Ukuxilongwa ngokukhawuleza kwezoNyango noPhulo luka-2015 . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015. Kufumaneke ngomhla we-Agasti 27, 2015.
Radiolab. (2015, Disemba 24). Elements [Ukurekhoda kwezwi]. http://www.radiolab.org/story/elements/